Measles Vaccine Virus RNA in Children More Than 100 Days after Vaccination

• Published in: Viruses Vol. 11; no. 7; p. 636
• Main Authors: McMahon, Jamie, Mackay, Ian M, Lambert, Stephen B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 10.07.2019; MDPI
• Subjects: Australia; Child, Preschool; Children; Communication; Ethics; Female; Genotype & phenotype; Genotyping; Health surveillance; Humans; Illnesses; Infant; Laboratories; Male; Maximum likelihood method; Measles; Measles - prevention & control; Measles - virology; measles vaccine; Measles Vaccine - administration & dosage; measles virus; Measles virus - genetics; measles-mumps-rubella; N gene; Nose - virology; persistence; Pharynx - virology; Phosphoproteins - genetics; Phylogenetics; Phylogeny; Polymerase chain reaction; Public health; Respiratory System - virology; Respiratory tract; Reverse transcription; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; RNA viruses; RNA, Viral - analysis; RT-PCR; Time Factors; vaccine safety; Vaccines; Viral Proteins - genetics; Viruses; Australia; Queensland Australia; United States > US; Germany; New South Wales Australia; vaccine safety; RNA; vaccines; RT-PCR; persistence; measles vaccine; measles-mumps-rubella; measles; measles virus
• DOI: 10.3390/v11070636
• ISSN: 1999-4915

Measles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA can be identified up to 14 days after vaccination, with detection beyond this rare. In routine diagnostic testing, we used two real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assays targeting M and F genes to identify measles virus (MeV) and MeVV RNA. Confirmatory testing was performed with an N gene RT-rPCR, followed by sequence confirmation of RT-rPCR positives by semi-nested conventional RT-PCR assays targeting portions of the N, H, and L genes. We report detection and confirmation of MeVV RNA from the respiratory tract of 11 children between 100 and 800 days after most recent receipt of measles-containing vaccine. These novel findings emphasize the importance of genotyping all MeV detections and highlight the need for further work to assess whether persistent MeVV RNA represents viable virus and if transmission to close contacts can occur.