Effects of chlorogenic acid on growth, metabolism, antioxidation, immunity, and intestinal flora of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)
In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can improv...
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| Published in | Frontiers in microbiology Vol. 13; p. 1084500 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
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Frontiers Media S.A
09.01.2023
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| Abstract | In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver
can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp (
Carassius auratus
) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (
P
< 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased (
P
< 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased (
P
< 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver (
P
< 0.01) and muscle (
P
> 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes,
Fusobacteria
and
Firmicutes
and degraded the relative abundance of
Proteobacteria
. In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on
Carassius auratus
growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver
can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp (
Carassius auratus
) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (
P
< 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased (
P
< 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased (
P
< 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver (
P
< 0.01) and muscle (
P
> 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes,
Fusobacteria
and
Firmicutes
and degraded the relative abundance of
Proteobacteria
. In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on
Carassius auratus
growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives. In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (P < 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased (P < 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver (P < 0.01) and muscle (P > 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes and degraded the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on Carassius auratus growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives. In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (P < 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased (P < 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver (P < 0.01) and muscle (P > 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes and degraded the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on Carassius auratus growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives.In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (P < 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased (P < 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver (P < 0.01) and muscle (P > 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes and degraded the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on Carassius auratus growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives. In recent years, with the harm caused by the abuse of antibiotics and the increasing demand for green and healthy food, people gradually began to look for antibiotic alternatives for aquaculture. As a Chinese herbal medicine, leaf extract chlorogenic acid (CGA) of can improve animal immunity and antioxidant capacity and can improve animal production performance. In this study, crucian carp ( ) was fed with complete feed containing 200 mg/kg CGA for 60 days to evaluate the antioxidant, immuno-enhancement, and regulation of intestinal microbial activities of CGA. In comparison to the control, the growth performance indexes of CGA-added fish were significantly increased, including final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate ( < 0.01), while the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased ( < 0.01). Intestinal digestive enzyme activity significantly increased ( < 0.01); the contents of triglyceride in the liver ( < 0.01) and muscle ( > 0.05) decreased; and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver was promoted. Additionally, the non-specific immune enzyme activities of intestinal and liver tissues were increased, but the expression level of the adenylate-activated protein kinase gene involved in energy metabolism was not affected. The antioxidant capacity of intestinal, muscle, and liver tissues was improved. Otherwise, CGA enhanced the relative abundance of intestinal microbes, and and degraded the relative abundance of . In general, our data showed that supplementation with CGA in dietary had a positive effect on growth, immunity, and balance of the bacteria in the intestine. Our findings suggest that it is of great significance to develop and use CGA as a natural non-toxic compound in green and eco-friendly feed additives. |
| Author | Liang, Yunxiang Li, Yingjun Jin, Xuexia Su, Mengyuan |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China 3 Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong , China 2 Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University , Shenzhen, Guangdong , China |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University , Shenzhen, Guangdong , China – name: 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China – name: 3 Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong , China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xuexia surname: Jin fullname: Jin, Xuexia – sequence: 2 givenname: Mengyuan surname: Su fullname: Su, Mengyuan – sequence: 3 givenname: Yunxiang surname: Liang fullname: Liang, Yunxiang – sequence: 4 givenname: Yingjun surname: Li fullname: Li, Yingjun |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1038/s41467-020-16507-y 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.007 10.1038/hr.2011.195 10.1016/s1383-5718(96)00096-4 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.025 10.3389/fendo.2021.762691 10.1002/mbo3.996 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.011 10.1371/journal.pone.0030440 10.1007/s00210-019-01670-x 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109296 10.1128/Aem.04194-14 10.3389/fnut.2021.685540 10.1186/1475-2867-6-7 10.1111/anu.13147 10.1023/A:1008141918852 10.3389/fnut.2021.676035 10.1007/s12263-011-0230-1 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.015 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.036 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.035 10.1093/jas/skx078 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.08.001 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107671 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885092 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006898 10.1155/2019/6769789 10.1006/meth.2001.1262 10.3390/nu8010016 10.1007/s00248-016-0924-4 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175096 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104811 10.3390/biology11091366 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.028 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.014 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.032 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02543.x 10.1371/journal.pone.0110396 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.004 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02258.x 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.07.024 10.1111/are.12391 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111376 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.022 10.1371/journal.pone.0064577 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064 10.1155/2014/360438 10.1111/jfbc.13795 |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2023 Jin, Su, Liang and Li. Copyright © 2023 Jin, Su, Liang and Li. 2023 Jin, Su, Liang and Li |
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| Keywords | Carassius auratus metabolism antioxidation immunity chlorogenic acid intestinal flora |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2023 Jin, Su, Liang and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Reviewed by: Xiaolin Meng, Henan Normal University, China; Guoxing Nie, Henan Normal University, China These authors have contributed equally to this work This article was submitted to Food Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology Edited by: Kun Li, Nanjing Agricultural University, China |
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| SubjectTerms | antioxidation Carassius auratus chlorogenic acid immunity intestinal flora metabolism Microbiology |
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| Title | Effects of chlorogenic acid on growth, metabolism, antioxidation, immunity, and intestinal flora of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) |
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