A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil

Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We con...

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Published inPathogens and global health Vol. 113; no. 1; pp. 1 - 13
Main Authors Carlos, Bianca C., Rona, Luisa D. P., Christophides, George K., Souza-Neto, Jayme A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Taylor & Francis 02.01.2019
Subjects
Amazon rainforest
Animals
Anopheles
Atlantic rainforest
Brazil - epidemiology
bromeliad malaria
Emigration and Immigration - statistics & numerical data
Geography, Medical
Humans
Malaria - epidemiology
Malaria - transmission
Malaria hotspots
Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology
Malaria, Falciparum - transmission
Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology
Malaria, Vivax - transmission
Mosquito Vectors - parasitology
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Rainforest
Review
Transients and Migrants - statistics & numerical data
Brazil
bromeliad malaria
Malaria transmission
Atlantic rainforest
Amazon rainforest
Malaria hotspots
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Abstract Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We consider factors impacting on the malaria burden and transmission dynamics including the geographical occurrence of both autochthonous and imported infections, the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors and records of natural mosquito infections with Plasmodium. Our analysis identifies three discrete malaria transmission systems related to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Brazilian coast, respectively. The Amazonian system accounts for 99% of all malaria cases in the country. It is largely due to autochthonous P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission by mosquitoes of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, primarily Anopheles darlingi. Whilst P. vivax transmission is widespread, P. falciparum transmission is restricted to hotspot areas mostly in the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is the major source of P. vivax exportation to the extra-Amazonian regions that are also affected by importation of P. falciparum from Africa. The Atlantic system comprises autochthonous P. vivax transmission typically by the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator of the Kerteszia subgenus. An. cruzii also transmits simian malaria parasites to humans. The third, widespread but geographically fragmented, system is found along the Brazilian coast and comprises P. vivax transmission mainly by An. aquasalis. We conclude that these geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems require specific strategies for effective disease control.
AbstractList Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We consider factors impacting on the malaria burden and transmission dynamics including the geographical occurrence of both autochthonous and imported infections, the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors and records of natural mosquito infections with Plasmodium . Our analysis identifies three discrete malaria transmission systems related to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Brazilian coast, respectively. The Amazonian system accounts for 99% of all malaria cases in the country. It is largely due to autochthonous P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission by mosquitoes of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, primarily Anopheles darlingi . Whilst P. vivax transmission is widespread, P. falciparum transmission is restricted to hotspot areas mostly in the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is the major source of P. vivax exportation to the extra-Amazonian regions that are also affected by importation of P. falciparum from Africa. The Atlantic system comprises autochthonous P. vivax transmission typically by the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator of the Kerteszia subgenus. An. cruzii also transmits simian malaria parasites to humans. The third, widespread but geographically fragmented, system is found along the Brazilian coast and comprises P. vivax transmission mainly by An. aquasalis . We conclude that these geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems require specific strategies for effective disease control.
Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We consider factors impacting on the malaria burden and transmission dynamics including the geographical occurrence of both autochthonous and imported infections, the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors and records of natural mosquito infections with Plasmodium. Our analysis identifies three discrete malaria transmission systems related to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Brazilian coast, respectively. The Amazonian system accounts for 99% of all malaria cases in the country. It is largely due to autochthonous P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission by mosquitoes of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, primarily Anopheles darlingi. Whilst P. vivax transmission is widespread, P. falciparum transmission is restricted to hotspot areas mostly in the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is the major source of P. vivax exportation to the extra-Amazonian regions that are also affected by importation of P. falciparum from Africa. The Atlantic system comprises autochthonous P. vivax transmission typically by the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator of the Kerteszia subgenus. An. cruzii also transmits simian malaria parasites to humans. The third, widespread but geographically fragmented, system is found along the Brazilian coast and comprises P. vivax transmission mainly by An. aquasalis. We conclude that these geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems require specific strategies for effective disease control.
Author Souza-Neto, Jayme A.
Carlos, Bianca C.
Rona, Luisa D. P.
Christophides, George K.
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Issue 1
Keywords bromeliad malaria
Malaria transmission
Atlantic rainforest
Amazon rainforest
Malaria hotspots
Language English
License open-access: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Snippet Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive...
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SubjectTerms Amazon rainforest
Animals
Anopheles
Atlantic rainforest
Brazil - epidemiology
bromeliad malaria
Emigration and Immigration - statistics & numerical data
Geography, Medical
Humans
Malaria - epidemiology
Malaria - transmission
Malaria hotspots
Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology
Malaria, Falciparum - transmission
Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology
Malaria, Vivax - transmission
Mosquito Vectors - parasitology
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Rainforest
Review
Transients and Migrants - statistics & numerical data
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Title A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil
URI https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20477724.2019.1581463
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30829565
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2187957553
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6425916
Volume 113
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