Volume changes under strain resulting from the incorporation of rubber granulates into a rubber matrix
The strength of an elastomer is in part determined by the size of the intrinsic flaws that are present. It has been observed that the incorporation of rubber granulates into a virgin matrix results in a reduction in strength and this has previously been attributed to an increase in the intrinsic fla...
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| Published in | Journal of polymer science. Part B, Polymer physics Vol. 45; no. 23; pp. 3169 - 3180 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
01.12.2007
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| Abstract | The strength of an elastomer is in part determined by the size of the intrinsic flaws that are present. It has been observed that the incorporation of rubber granulates into a virgin matrix results in a reduction in strength and this has previously been attributed to an increase in the intrinsic flaw size. The precise nature of this intrinsic flaw is the subject of this investigation. Fundamental questions concerning the change in flaw size with strain and the reduction in strength resulting from a weaker interface have been investigated using volume change experiments. Initial experiments on carbon black filled rubber with no granulates incorporated have shown no significant volume change under strain. This contrasts with granulate filled materials whose experimentally measured volume changes with strain were seen to be substantially greater. Microstructural finite element analysis has revealed how this change in volume might result from a net increase in the flaw size with increasing strain. This work suggests that flaw size increases in a characteristic way with strain for materials where the matrix and granulates have a similar modulus, whereas a modulus mismatch between the matrix and the recycled granulate results in much larger volume changes and hence greater flaw size which also appears to increase with strain. This work emphasizes the importance in practical applications of matching the modulus of recycled granulate materials to that of the new virgin material in the matrix. This article introduces a novel technique for examining small changes in the interfacial bonding mechanisms under strain such as that caused by surface modification techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3169-3180, 2007 |
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| AbstractList | The strength of an elastomer is in part determined by the size of the intrinsic flaws that are present. It has been observed that the incorporation of rubber granulates into a virgin matrix results in a reduction in strength and this has previously been attributed to an increase in the intrinsic flaw size. The precise nature of this intrinsic flaw is the subject of this investigation. Fundamental questions concerning the change in flaw size with strain and the reduction in strength resulting from a weaker interface have been investigated using volume change experiments. Initial experiments on carbon black filled rubber with no granulates incorporated have shown no significant volume change under strain. This contrasts with granulate filled materials whose experimentally measured volume changes with strain were seen to be substantially greater. Microstructural finite element analysis has revealed how this change in volume might result from a net increase in the flaw size with increasing strain. This work suggests that flaw size increases in a characteristic way with strain for materials where the matrix and granulates have a similar modulus, whereas a modulus mismatch between the matrix and the recycled granulate results in much larger volume changes and hence greater flaw size which also appears to increase with strain. This work emphasizes the importance in practical applications of matching the modulus of recycled granulate materials to that of the new virgin material in the matrix. This article introduces a novel technique for examining small changes in the interfacial bonding mechanisms under strain such as that caused by surface modification techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3169-3180, 2007 The strength of an elastomer is in part determined by the size of the intrinsic flaws that are present. It has been observed that the incorporation of rubber granulates into a virgin matrix results in a reduction in strength and this has previously been attributed to an increase in the intrinsic flaw size. The precise nature of this intrinsic flaw is the subject of this investigation. Fundamental questions concerning the change in flaw size with strain and the reduction in strength resulting from a weaker interface have been investigated using volume change experiments. Initial experiments on carbon black filled rubber with no granulates incorporated have shown no significant volume change under strain. This contrasts with granulate filled materials whose experimentally measured volume changes with strain were seen to be substantially greater. Microstructural finite element analysis has revealed how this change in volume might result from a net increase in the flaw size with increasing strain. This work suggests that flaw size increases in a characteristic way with strain for materials where the matrix and granulates have a similar modulus, whereas a modulus mismatch between the matrix and the recycled granulate results in much larger volume changes and hence greater flaw size which also appears to increase with strain. This work emphasizes the importance in practical applications of matching the modulus of recycled granulate materials to that of the new virgin material in the matrix. This article introduces a novel technique for examining small changes in the interfacial bonding mechanisms under strain such as that caused by surface modification techniques. |
| Author | Kumar, P. Thomas, A. G. Busfield, J. J. C. Fukahori, Y. |
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| Keywords | SBR interfaces Stress strain relation debonding recycling Volume expansion Experimental study finite element analysis Cavitation Modeling Heterogeneous mixture Finite element method Tensile stress Vulcanizate rubber flaws Recycled material Elongation (mechanics) Aggregate(materials) |
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| References | Myhre, M.;Mackillop, D. A. Rubber Chem Technol 2002, 75, 429. Smith, T. L. J Rheol 1962, 6, 61. Gent, A. N.;Tompkins, D. A. J Appl Phys 1969, 40, 2520. Swor, R. A.;Jensen, L. W.;Budzol, M. Rubber Chem Technol 1980, 53, 1215. Mullins, L.;Tobin, N. R. Trans Inst Rubber Ind 1957, 33, 2. Christensen, R. G.;Hoeve, C. A. J. J Polym Sci Part A-1 Polym Chem 1970, 8, 1503. Gent, A. N.;Lindley, P. B.;Thomas, A. G. J Appl Polym Sci 1964, 8, 455. Fukahori, Y.;Seki, W. J Mater Sci 1993, 28, 4471. Burford, R. P.;Pittolo, M. Rubber Chem Technol 1982, 55, 1233. Khasanovich, T. N. J Appl Phys 1959, 30, 948. Burgoyne, M. D.;Leaker, G. R.;Krekic, Z. Rubber Chem Technol 1976, 49, 375. Yeoh, O. H. Rubber Chem Technol 1990, 63, 792. Treloar, L. R. G. Polymer 1978, 19, 1414. Ogden, R. W. J Mech Phys Solids 1976, 24, 323. Burford, R. P.;Pittolo, M. J Mater Sci 1984, 19, 3059. Fedors, R. F.;Landel, R. F. Rubber Chem Technol 1970, 43, 887. Dierkes, W. J Elastomers Plast 1996, 28, 257. Myhre, M. J.;Mackillop, D. A. Rubber World 1996, 214, 42. Goebel, J. C.;Tobolsky, A. V. Rubber Chem Technol 1971, 44, 1391. Stringfellow, R.;Abeyaratne, R.; Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater 1989, 112, 127-131. Busfield, J. J. C.;Jha, V.;Liang, H.;Papadopoulos, I. C.;Thomas, A. G. Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl 2005, 34, 349. Kumar, P.;Fukahori, Y.;Thomas, A. G.;Busfield, J. J. C. Rubber Chem Technol 2007, 80, 24-39. Fukahori, Y.;Seki, W. J Mater Sci 1993, 28, 4143. Hewitt, F. G.;Anthony, R. L. J Appl Phys 1958, 29, 1411. Gibala, D.;Hamed, G. R.;Zhao, J. Rubber Chem Technol 1998, 71, 861. Gent, A. N.;Park, B. J Mater Sci 1984, 19, 1947. Valanis, K. C.;Landel, R. F. J Appl Phys 1967, 38, 2997. Sekhar, N.;Van Der Hoff, B. M. E. J Appl Polym Sci 1971, 15, 169. Gee, G.;Stern, J.;Treloar, L. R. G. Trans Faraday Soc 1950, 46, 1101. Gee, G. Trans Faraday Soc 1946, 42, B033. Reichert, W. F.;Hopfenmueller, M. K.;Goeritz, D. J Mater Sci 1987, 22, 3470. Wu, D. Y.;Bateman, S.;Partlett, M. Compos Sci Technol 2007, 67 1909. Han, S. C.;Han, M. H. J Appl Polym Sci 2002, 85, 2491. 1957; 33 1946; 42 1970; 8 1971; 44 1976; 24 1993; 28 1950; 46 1989; 112 2002; 75 1964; 8 1962; 6 1982; 55 1978; 19 1976; 49 1990; 63 1987; 22 1959; 30 1996; 28 2002; 85 1980; 53 1958; 29 1969; 40 1971; 15 2007; 80 1970; 43 1984; 19 1998; 71 1967; 38 1996; 214 1956; 1 2007; 67 2005; 34 e_1_2_6_31_2 e_1_2_6_30_2 e_1_2_6_18_2 e_1_2_6_12_2 e_1_2_6_13_2 e_1_2_6_34_2 Myhre M. J. (e_1_2_6_35_2) 1996; 214 e_1_2_6_10_2 e_1_2_6_33_2 e_1_2_6_11_2 e_1_2_6_16_2 e_1_2_6_17_2 e_1_2_6_14_2 e_1_2_6_15_2 Rivlin R. S. (e_1_2_6_32_2) 1956 e_1_2_6_20_2 e_1_2_6_8_2 e_1_2_6_7_2 e_1_2_6_9_2 e_1_2_6_29_2 e_1_2_6_4_2 e_1_2_6_3_2 e_1_2_6_6_2 e_1_2_6_5_2 Mullins L. (e_1_2_6_19_2) 1957; 33 e_1_2_6_24_2 e_1_2_6_23_2 e_1_2_6_2_2 e_1_2_6_22_2 e_1_2_6_21_2 e_1_2_6_28_2 e_1_2_6_27_2 e_1_2_6_26_2 e_1_2_6_25_2 |
| References_xml | – reference: Goebel, J. C.;Tobolsky, A. V. Rubber Chem Technol 1971, 44, 1391. – reference: Smith, T. L. J Rheol 1962, 6, 61. – reference: Fukahori, Y.;Seki, W. J Mater Sci 1993, 28, 4471. – reference: Valanis, K. C.;Landel, R. F. J Appl Phys 1967, 38, 2997. – reference: Mullins, L.;Tobin, N. R. Trans Inst Rubber Ind 1957, 33, 2. – reference: Gent, A. N.;Tompkins, D. A. J Appl Phys 1969, 40, 2520. – reference: Myhre, M.;Mackillop, D. A. Rubber Chem Technol 2002, 75, 429. – reference: Gent, A. N.;Lindley, P. B.;Thomas, A. G. J Appl Polym Sci 1964, 8, 455. – reference: Myhre, M. J.;Mackillop, D. A. Rubber World 1996, 214, 42. – reference: Gee, G.;Stern, J.;Treloar, L. R. G. Trans Faraday Soc 1950, 46, 1101. – reference: Yeoh, O. H. Rubber Chem Technol 1990, 63, 792. – reference: Han, S. C.;Han, M. H. J Appl Polym Sci 2002, 85, 2491. – reference: Burford, R. P.;Pittolo, M. Rubber Chem Technol 1982, 55, 1233. – reference: Ogden, R. W. J Mech Phys Solids 1976, 24, 323. – reference: Swor, R. A.;Jensen, L. W.;Budzol, M. Rubber Chem Technol 1980, 53, 1215. – reference: Wu, D. Y.;Bateman, S.;Partlett, M. Compos Sci Technol 2007, 67 1909. – reference: Hewitt, F. G.;Anthony, R. L. J Appl Phys 1958, 29, 1411. – reference: Burgoyne, M. D.;Leaker, G. R.;Krekic, Z. Rubber Chem Technol 1976, 49, 375. – reference: Treloar, L. R. G. Polymer 1978, 19, 1414. – reference: Gent, A. N.;Park, B. J Mater Sci 1984, 19, 1947. – reference: Fedors, R. F.;Landel, R. F. Rubber Chem Technol 1970, 43, 887. – reference: Burford, R. P.;Pittolo, M. J Mater Sci 1984, 19, 3059. – reference: Sekhar, N.;Van Der Hoff, B. M. E. J Appl Polym Sci 1971, 15, 169. – reference: Khasanovich, T. N. J Appl Phys 1959, 30, 948. – reference: Stringfellow, R.;Abeyaratne, R.; Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater 1989, 112, 127-131. – reference: Fukahori, Y.;Seki, W. J Mater Sci 1993, 28, 4143. – reference: Gee, G. 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| Snippet | The strength of an elastomer is in part determined by the size of the intrinsic flaws that are present. It has been observed that the incorporation of rubber... |
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| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences debonding Exact sciences and technology finite element analysis flaws interfaces Mechanical properties Organic polymers Physicochemistry of polymers physics polymers Properties and characterization recycling rubber soot |
| Title | Volume changes under strain resulting from the incorporation of rubber granulates into a rubber matrix |
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