Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Growth, Immune Responses and Histopathological Alterations in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) under Low-Salinity Conditions
In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO...
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| Published in | Animals (Basel) Vol. 14; no. 18; p. 2737 |
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| Abstract | In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5–50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1–50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver. |
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| AbstractList | In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5–50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1–50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver. In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5-50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1-50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver.In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5-50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1-50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver. Simple SummaryZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are versatile chemicals that are widely used in various industries. In this study, the toxic effects of ZnO NPs were thoroughly investigated on Asian seabass, a polyhaline fish species that is now commercially farmed in low-salinity areas of Thailand. Asian seabass fingerlings were used as an animal model and exposed to aqueous solutions of 1–50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. During this period, growth parameters, immune parameters and immune-related gene suppression were monitored. Water quality, histopathological alterations and Zn concentrations were also measured. Compared with the control, all ZnO NP concentrations severely inhibited growth and reduced serum levels of innate immune factors. Additionally, the highest concentration of ZnO NPs significantly decreased the expression levels of both innate and adaptive immune-related genes early in the exposure and strongly increased the mortality rate (100%) by week 6. The obtained results provide crucial toxicological data for determining the impact of ZnO NPs on Asian seabass aquaculture, particularly in industrial areas with a high contamination risk, and for assessing the biosecurity of fish consumers.AbstractIn the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5–50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1–50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver. In the present study, Asian seabass ( , Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5-50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1-50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the and genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the , , , , , and genes at 1 WAE ( < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver. |
| Author | Phaksopa, Jitraporn Chou, Chi-Chung Srisapoome, Prapansak Sukhsangchan, Roochira Uchuwittayakul, Anurak |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; roochira682@gmail.com (R.S.); ffisarb@ku.ac.th (A.U.) 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan 3 Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; jitraporn.p@ku.th (J.P.); ccchou@nchu.edu.tw (C.-C.C.) 2 Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management (CE-AAHM), Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan – name: 1 Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; roochira682@gmail.com (R.S.); ffisarb@ku.ac.th (A.U.) – name: 3 Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; jitraporn.p@ku.th (J.P.); ccchou@nchu.edu.tw (C.-C.C.) – name: 2 Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management (CE-AAHM), Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Roochira surname: Sukhsangchan fullname: Sukhsangchan, Roochira – sequence: 2 givenname: Jitraporn orcidid: 0000-0002-1811-9128 surname: Phaksopa fullname: Phaksopa, Jitraporn – sequence: 3 givenname: Anurak orcidid: 0000-0002-1782-4079 surname: Uchuwittayakul fullname: Uchuwittayakul, Anurak – sequence: 4 givenname: Chi-Chung orcidid: 0000-0002-4622-2552 surname: Chou fullname: Chou, Chi-Chung – sequence: 5 givenname: Prapansak orcidid: 0000-0003-0354-6538 surname: Srisapoome fullname: Srisapoome, Prapansak |
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| Snippet | In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide... In the present study, Asian seabass ( , Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles... Simple SummaryZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are versatile chemicals that are widely used in various industries. In this study, the toxic effects of ZnO... |
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| SubjectTerms | animal models antibacterial properties Asian seabass blood estuaries Fish gene expression growth hematocrit hematological alteration histopathology immunotoxicology kidneys Lates calcarifer liver lysozyme mortality muscles Nanoparticles Nanotechnology Salinity Seawater superoxide anion Water quality zinc oxide zinc oxide nanoparticles Zinc oxides |
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| Title | Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Growth, Immune Responses and Histopathological Alterations in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) under Low-Salinity Conditions |
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