Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model
Synopsis Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment...
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| Published in | International journal of cosmetic science Vol. 33; no. 4; pp. 359 - 365 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2011
Wiley |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Synopsis
Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulasis designed to resemble a UV‐induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter® MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm−2 of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter® MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T0 (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration.
Résumé
Des formules de produits autobronzant sont devenues ces dernières années de plus en plus populaires par leur capacitéà permettre de donner aux personnes un bronzage certain sans les risques d’un cancer cutané. La plupart des autobronzants actuellement sur le marché contiennent de la dihydroxyacetone (DHA), un sucre cétonique avec trois carbones. La pigmentation provisoire obtenue avec ces formules est conçue pour ressembler à un bronzage UV‐induit. Cette étude a évalué par mesure au Mexameter®MX 18, l’efficacité de gels de carbomer et de bases émulsionnées à froid s sur la pigmentation cutanée, en utilisant différentes concentrations d’un système composé de DHA et N‐acetyl tyrosine, trouvé dans des mues de serpent. Huit formules d’autobronzant ont été développées, quatre gels et quatre émulsions (la base, la base plus 4.0%, 5.0% et 6.0% (w/w) d’un système de DHA et N‐acetyl tyrosine). La mesure du bronzage artificiel obtenu a été faite en appliquant 30 mg cm−² de chaque formule sur des échantillons standards de mue de serpent (2.0 × 3.0 cm). Le Mexameter®MX 18 a été permis la mesure de coloration des mues de serpent à T0 (avant application) et après 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 et 216 h. Du fait de leur similitude avec le stratum corneum humain, les mues de serpent peuvent être utilisées comme un modèle alternatif de membrane pour l’efficacitéin vitro des autobronzants. La concentration en DHA influence le début de la pigmentation dans les deux systèmes d’autobronzant (émulsion et gel) ainsi que le temps nécessaire à l’augmentation de l’indice de bronzage. Dans le système émulsion, la concentration DHA est liée à la valeur finale de l’indice de bronzage. Le type de système (émulsion ou gel) n’a aucune influence sur la valeur finale de bronzage après 216 h pour des échantillons de même concentration en DHA. |
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| AbstractList | Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulasis designed to resemble a UV-induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter registered MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30mgcm-2 of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0cm3.0cm). A Mexameter registered MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T0 (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216h for samples with the same DHA concentration.Original Abstract: Des formules de produits autobronzant sont devenues ces dernieres annees de plus en plus populaires par leur capacitea permettre de donner aux personnes un bronzage certain sans les risques d'un cancer cutane. La plupart des autobronzants actuellement sur le marche contiennent de la dihydroxyacetone (DHA), un sucre cetonique avec trois carbones. La pigmentation provisoire obtenue avec ces formules est concue pour ressembler a un bronzage UV-induit. Cette etude a evalue par mesure au Mexameter registered MX 18, l'efficacite de gels de carbomer et de bases emulsionnees a froid s sur la pigmentation cutanee, en utilisant differentes concentrations d'un systeme compose de DHA et N-acetyl tyrosine, trouve dans des mues de serpent. Huit formules d'autobronzant ont ete developpees, quatre gels et quatre emulsions (la base, la base plus 4.0%, 5.0% et 6.0% (w/w) d'un systeme de DHA et N-acetyl tyrosine). La mesure du bronzage artificiel obtenu a ete faite en appliquant 30mgcm- super(2) de chaque formule sur des echantillons standards de mue de serpent (2.03.0cm). Le Mexameter registered MX 18 a ete permis la mesure de coloration des mues de serpent a T0 (avant application) et apres 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 et 216h. Du fait de leur similitude avec le stratum corneum humain, les mues de serpent peuvent etre utilisees comme un modele alternatif de membrane pour l'efficacitein vitro des autobronzants. La concentration en DHA influence le debut de la pigmentation dans les deux systemes d'autobronzant (emulsion et gel) ainsi que le temps necessaire a l'augmentation de l'indice de bronzage. Dans le systeme emulsion, la concentration DHA est liee a la valeur finale de l'indice de bronzage. Le type de systeme (emulsion ou gel) n'a aucune influence sur la valeur finale de bronzage apres 216h pour des echantillons de meme concentration en DHA. Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulas is designed to resemble a UV-induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter(®) MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm(-2) of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter(®) MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T(0) (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration. Synopsis Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulasis designed to resemble a UV‐induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter ® MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm −2 of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter ® MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T 0 (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum . The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration. Résumé Des formules de produits autobronzant sont devenues ces dernières années de plus en plus populaires par leur capacitéà permettre de donner aux personnes un bronzage certain sans les risques d’un cancer cutané. La plupart des autobronzants actuellement sur le marché contiennent de la dihydroxyacetone (DHA), un sucre cétonique avec trois carbones. La pigmentation provisoire obtenue avec ces formules est conçue pour ressembler à un bronzage UV‐induit. Cette étude a évalué par mesure au Mexameter ® MX 18, l’efficacité de gels de carbomer et de bases émulsionnées à froid s sur la pigmentation cutanée, en utilisant différentes concentrations d’un système composé de DHA et N‐acetyl tyrosine, trouvé dans des mues de serpent. Huit formules d’autobronzant ont été développées, quatre gels et quatre émulsions (la base, la base plus 4.0%, 5.0% et 6.0% (w/w) d’un système de DHA et N‐acetyl tyrosine). La mesure du bronzage artificiel obtenu a été faite en appliquant 30 mg cm − ² de chaque formule sur des échantillons standards de mue de serpent (2.0 × 3.0 cm). Le Mexameter ® MX 18 a été permis la mesure de coloration des mues de serpent à T0 (avant application) et après 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 et 216 h. Du fait de leur similitude avec le stratum corneum humain, les mues de serpent peuvent être utilisées comme un modèle alternatif de membrane pour l’efficacité in vitro des autobronzants. La concentration en DHA influence le début de la pigmentation dans les deux systèmes d’autobronzant (émulsion et gel) ainsi que le temps nécessaire à l’augmentation de l’indice de bronzage. Dans le système émulsion, la concentration DHA est liée à la valeur finale de l’indice de bronzage. Le type de système (émulsion ou gel) n’a aucune influence sur la valeur finale de bronzage après 216 h pour des échantillons de même concentration en DHA. Synopsis Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulasis designed to resemble a UV‐induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter® MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm−2 of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter® MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T0 (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration. Résumé Des formules de produits autobronzant sont devenues ces dernières années de plus en plus populaires par leur capacitéà permettre de donner aux personnes un bronzage certain sans les risques d’un cancer cutané. La plupart des autobronzants actuellement sur le marché contiennent de la dihydroxyacetone (DHA), un sucre cétonique avec trois carbones. La pigmentation provisoire obtenue avec ces formules est conçue pour ressembler à un bronzage UV‐induit. Cette étude a évalué par mesure au Mexameter®MX 18, l’efficacité de gels de carbomer et de bases émulsionnées à froid s sur la pigmentation cutanée, en utilisant différentes concentrations d’un système composé de DHA et N‐acetyl tyrosine, trouvé dans des mues de serpent. Huit formules d’autobronzant ont été développées, quatre gels et quatre émulsions (la base, la base plus 4.0%, 5.0% et 6.0% (w/w) d’un système de DHA et N‐acetyl tyrosine). La mesure du bronzage artificiel obtenu a été faite en appliquant 30 mg cm−² de chaque formule sur des échantillons standards de mue de serpent (2.0 × 3.0 cm). Le Mexameter®MX 18 a été permis la mesure de coloration des mues de serpent à T0 (avant application) et après 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 et 216 h. Du fait de leur similitude avec le stratum corneum humain, les mues de serpent peuvent être utilisées comme un modèle alternatif de membrane pour l’efficacitéin vitro des autobronzants. La concentration en DHA influence le début de la pigmentation dans les deux systèmes d’autobronzant (émulsion et gel) ainsi que le temps nécessaire à l’augmentation de l’indice de bronzage. Dans le système émulsion, la concentration DHA est liée à la valeur finale de l’indice de bronzage. Le type de système (émulsion ou gel) n’a aucune influence sur la valeur finale de bronzage après 216 h pour des échantillons de même concentration en DHA. |
| Author | Villa, R. T. Kaneko, T. M. Baby, A. R. de Oliveira Pinto, C. A. S. Velasco, M. V. R. Balogh, T. S. Bedin, V. Pedriali, C. A. Consiglieri, V. O. Gama, R. M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: T. S. surname: Balogh fullname: Balogh, T. S. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: C. A. surname: Pedriali fullname: Pedriali, C. A. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: R. M. surname: Gama fullname: Gama, R. M. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: C. A. S. surname: de Oliveira Pinto fullname: de Oliveira Pinto, C. A. S. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 5 givenname: V. surname: Bedin fullname: Bedin, V. organization: Healthy Skin Foundation and Hair and Skin Research and Treatment Institute, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 6 givenname: R. T. surname: Villa fullname: Villa, R. T. organization: Healthy Skin Foundation and Hair and Skin Research and Treatment Institute, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 7 givenname: T. M. surname: Kaneko fullname: Kaneko, T. M. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 8 givenname: V. O. surname: Consiglieri fullname: Consiglieri, V. O. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 9 givenname: M. V. R. surname: Velasco fullname: Velasco, M. V. R. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 10 givenname: A. R. surname: Baby fullname: Baby, A. R. organization: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12089.x 10.1590/S0034-89102004000400018 10.3844/ajabssp.2008.444.450 10.1096/fj.06-6649rev 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60638-2 10.1016/j.asj.2005.04.003 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00118.x 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05434.x 10.1001/archderm.140.7.886 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006004230.x 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.09.003 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03356.x 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01448.x |
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| Keywords | Cosmetic Performance evaluation dihydroxyacetone Mexameter Ketol Animal origin Suntan product Molt Ophidia Reflection spectrometry Vertebrata Self tanning moulted snake skin Efficiency Test method Pigments Alternative method MX 18 Reptilia Skin Melanin artificial tanning |
| Language | English |
| License | CC BY 4.0 2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie. |
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| PublicationTitle | International journal of cosmetic science |
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| References_xml | – volume: 25 start-page: 413 year: 2005 end-page: 415 article-title: Spray‐on tanning publication-title: Aesthet. Surg. J. – start-page: 120 year: 2001 end-page: 128 article-title: Aplicabilidad del dispositivo Mexameter MX 16 a la evaluación de la actividad de preparados autobronceadores publication-title: Cosmetología OFFARM – volume: 5 start-page: 24 year: 2002 end-page: 29 article-title: Lipid analysis and transepidermal water loss in snakes publication-title: IFSCC Magazine – volume: 3 start-page: 444 year: 2008 end-page: 450 article-title: Comparative permeation studies between scale region of shed snake skin and human skin publication-title: Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. – volume: 20 start-page: 239 year: 2004 end-page: 242 article-title: Durability of the sun protection factor provided by dihydroxyacetone publication-title: Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. – volume: 117 start-page: 740 year: 2001 end-page: 742 article-title: formation of maillard reaction free radicals in mouse skin publication-title: J. Invest. Dermatol. – volume: 20 start-page: 265 year: 2008 end-page: 72 article-title: Advances in photoprotection publication-title: Dermatol. Nurs. – volume: 44 start-page: 233 year: 2008 end-page: 248 article-title: Estabilidade e estudo de penetração cutânea da rutina veiculada em uma emulsão cosmética através de um modelo de biomembrana alternativo publication-title: Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Farm. – volume: 38 start-page: 588 year: 2004 end-page: 598 article-title: Bronzeamento e risco de melanoma cutâneo: revisão da literatura publication-title: Rev. Saúde Pública – volume: 370 start-page: 528 year: 2007 end-page: 537 article-title: Photoprotection publication-title: Lancet – volume: 140 start-page: 886 year: 2004 end-page: 887 article-title: Sun protection effect of dihydroxyacetone publication-title: Arch. Dermatol. – volume: 542 start-page: 129 year: 2003 end-page: 138 article-title: Sunless skin tanning with dihydroxyacetone delays broad‐spectrum ultraviolet photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice publication-title: Mutat. Res. – volume: 21 start-page: 976 year: 2007 end-page: 994 article-title: Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress publication-title: FASEB J. – volume: 149 start-page: 332 year: 2003 end-page: 340 article-title: Factors influencing sunless tanning with dihydroxyacetone publication-title: Br. J. Dermatol. – volume: 6 start-page: 230 year: 2000 end-page: 238 article-title: Skin color measurements: comparison between three instruments: the Chromameter , the DermaSpectrometer and the Mexameter publication-title: Skin Res. Technol. – volume: 120 start-page: 655 year: 2003 end-page: 661 article-title: Influence of hydration on dihydroxyacetone‐induced pigmentation of stratum corneum publication-title: J. Invest. Dermatol. – volume: 47 start-page: 402 year: 2008 end-page: 406 article-title: Dihydroxyacetone: a safe camouflaging option in vitiligo publication-title: Int. J. Dermatol. – year: 1998 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_2 doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12089.x – ident: e_1_2_7_2_2 doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102004000400018 – start-page: 120 year: 2001 ident: e_1_2_7_15_2 article-title: Aplicabilidad del dispositivo Mexameter MX 16 a la evaluación de la actividad de preparados autobronceadores publication-title: Cosmetología OFFARM contributor: fullname: Romero C. – ident: e_1_2_7_17_2 doi: 10.3844/ajabssp.2008.444.450 – volume: 44 start-page: 233 year: 2008 ident: e_1_2_7_16_2 article-title: Estabilidade e estudo de penetração cutânea in vitro da rutina veiculada em uma emulsão cosmética através de um modelo de biomembrana alternativo publication-title: Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Farm. contributor: fullname: Baby A.R. – ident: e_1_2_7_4_2 doi: 10.1096/fj.06-6649rev – ident: e_1_2_7_7_2 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60638-2 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_2 doi: 10.1016/j.asj.2005.04.003 – ident: e_1_2_7_8_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00118.x – volume: 5 start-page: 24 year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_7_19_2 article-title: Lipid analysis and transepidermal water loss in snakes publication-title: IFSCC Magazine contributor: fullname: Widler N. – ident: e_1_2_7_18_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_2 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05434.x – ident: e_1_2_7_12_2 doi: 10.1001/archderm.140.7.886 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_2 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006004230.x – ident: e_1_2_7_9_2 doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.09.003 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03356.x – ident: e_1_2_7_10_2 doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01448.x – volume: 20 start-page: 265 year: 2008 ident: e_1_2_7_6_2 article-title: Advances in photoprotection publication-title: Dermatol. Nurs. contributor: fullname: Baron E.D. |
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Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin... Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animal models Animals Applied sciences artificial tanning Carbon Chemical industry and chemicals Coloration Cosmetics Cosmetics, toiletries Dihydroxyacetone Exact sciences and technology Gels melanin Membranes, Artificial Mexameter® MX 18 Models, Theoretical moulted snake skin Pigmentation Pigments Self Skin cancer Snakes Stratum corneum Sugar Sunbathing Tanning Tyrosine U.V. radiation Washing products. Cosmetics and toiletries. Perfumes |
| Title | Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model |
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