Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels Following Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-resistant Depressed Patients
Objectives: To determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treatment-resistant depressed patients with a relatively longer period of measurement. Methods: This study included 30 Japanese unipolar depres...
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| Published in | Journal of St. Marianna University Vol. 6; no. 2; pp. 253 - 261 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
| Published |
St. Marianna University Society of Medical Science
2015
St.Marianna University Society of Medical Science |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2185-1336 2189-0277 |
| DOI | 10.17264/stmarieng.6.253 |
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| Abstract | Objectives: To determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treatment-resistant depressed patients with a relatively longer period of measurement. Methods: This study included 30 Japanese unipolar depressed patients with current major depressive episode. Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score was ≥21 in all subjects. ECT was performed twice a week for a total of 4–10 sessions. Serum BDNF levels were measured before ECT (T0), the day after the last ECT session (T1), and 1 month after the last ECT session (T2). Patient response to treatment was defined as a ≥50% decrease compared with the pretreatment total MADRS score. Results: Serum BDNF levels showed no significant variation among the patients during the entire study period. In responders, serum BDNF levels showed a progressive increase, and the differences between T0 and T1 and between T0 and T2 were significant (p=0.022 and p=0.007, respectively). In non-responders, serum BDNF levels showed a progressive decrease, and the difference between T0 and T2 was significant (p=0.012). No significant association was identified between change in serum BDNF level and change in total MADRS score in any of the patients following ECT. Conclusions: The present results showed that serum BDNF levels after ECT increased progressively in responders, but not in non-responders. Our results provide important information for understanding the exact role of BDNF in the antidepressive effects of ECT. |
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| AbstractList | Objectives: To determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treatment-resistant depressed patients with a relatively longer period of measurement. Methods: This study included 30 Japanese unipolar depressed patients with current major depressive episode. Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score was ≥21 in all subjects. ECT was performed twice a week for a total of 4–10 sessions. Serum BDNF levels were measured before ECT (T0), the day after the last ECT session (T1), and 1 month after the last ECT session (T2). Patient response to treatment was defined as a ≥50% decrease compared with the pretreatment total MADRS score. Results: Serum BDNF levels showed no significant variation among the patients during the entire study period. In responders, serum BDNF levels showed a progressive increase, and the differences between T0 and T1 and between T0 and T2 were significant (p=0.022 and p=0.007, respectively). In non-responders, serum BDNF levels showed a progressive decrease, and the difference between T0 and T2 was significant (p=0.012). No significant association was identified between change in serum BDNF level and change in total MADRS score in any of the patients following ECT. Conclusions: The present results showed that serum BDNF levels after ECT increased progressively in responders, but not in non-responders. Our results provide important information for understanding the exact role of BDNF in the antidepressive effects of ECT. [Abstract] Objectives: To determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treatment-resistant depressed patients with a relatively longer period of measurement. Methods: This study included 30 Japanese unipolar depressed patients with current major depressive episode. Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score was >-21 in all subjects. ECT was performed twice a week for a total of 4-10 sessions. Serum BDNF levels were measured before ECT (T0), the day after the last ECT session (T1), and 1 month after the last ECT session (T2). Patient response to treatment was defined as a >-50% decrease compared with the pretreatment total MADRS score. Results: Serum BDNF levels showed no significant variation among the patients during the entire study period. In responders, serum BDNF levels showed a progressive increase, and the differences between T0 and T1 and between T0 and T2 were significant (p=0.022 and p=0.007, respectively). In non-responders, serum BDNF levels showed a progressive decrease, and the difference between T0 and T2 was significant (p=0.012). No significant association was identified between change in serum BDNF level and change in total MADRS score in any of the patients following ECT. Conclusions: The present results showed that serum BDNF levels after ECT increased progressively in responders, but not in non-responders. Our results provide important information for understanding the exact role of BDNF in the antidepressive effects of ECT. |
| Author | Kamata, Mitsuhiro Sasaki, Oga Yamaguchi, Noboru Higuchi, Hisashi Nishio, Takashi Maedomari, Mioto Haga, Toshiaki |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Haga, Toshiaki organization: Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. Marianna University School of Medicine – sequence: 1 fullname: Yamaguchi, Noboru organization: Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. Marianna University School of Medicine – sequence: 1 fullname: Maedomari, Mioto organization: Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. Marianna University School of Medicine – sequence: 1 fullname: Higuchi, Hisashi organization: Department of Psychiatry, Suzuki Jikou Hospital – sequence: 1 fullname: Sasaki, Oga organization: Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. Marianna University School of Medicine – sequence: 1 fullname: Kamata, Mitsuhiro organization: Department of Psychiatry, Suzuki Jikou Hospital – sequence: 1 fullname: Nishio, Takashi organization: Department of Neuropsychiatry, St. Marianna University School of Medicine |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.009 10.1097/YCT.0b013e318157ac58 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181c18bbf 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181571ad0 10.1097/00124509-200309000-00005 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00012 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.005 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.02.009 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000138 10.1159/000352013 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.006 10.3109/15622970701586323 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00094 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.04.010 10.4088/JCP.v68n0404 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00529-3 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.01.002 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.032 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.04.005 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01010-5 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00625.x 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00005-7 10.1007/s00406-005-0578-6 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.012 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 10.1016/S0028-3908(98)00141-5 10.3109/15622975.2014.892633 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002 |
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| References | 22) Montgomery SA, Äsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 382–389. 20) Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don’t succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 23–29. 30) Karege F, Schwald M, Cisse M. Postnatal development profile of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat brain and platelets. Neurosci Lett 2002; 328: 261–264. 12) Piccinni A, Del Debbio A, Medda P, Bianchi C, Roncaqlia I, Veltri A, Zanello S, Massimetti E, Oriqlia N, Domenici L, Marazziti D, Dellosso L. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in treatment-resistant depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Eur Neuropsychopharmcol 2009; 19: 349–355. 4) Gonul AS, Akdeniz F, Taneli F, Donat O, Eker C, Vaip S. Effect of Treatment on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255: 381–386. 14) Stelzhammer V, Guest PC, Rothermundt M, Sondermann C, Michael N, Schwarz E, Rahmoune H, Bahn S. Electroconvulsive therapy exerts mainly acute molecular changes in serum of major depressive disorder patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012; 23: 1199–1207. 17) Lin CH, Chen MC, Lee WK, Chen CC, Huanq CH, Lane HY. Electroconvulsive therapy improves clinical manifestation with plasma levels unchanged in treatment-resistant depression patients. Neuropsychobiology 2013; 68: 110–115. 5) Karege F, Perret G, Bondolfi G, Schwald M, Bertschy G, Aubry JM. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2002; 109: 143–148. 11) Fernandes B, Gama CS, Massuda R, Torres M, Camargo D, Kunz M, Belmonte-de-Abreu PS, Kapczinski F, de Almeida Fleck MP, Ines Lobato M. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is not associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a pilot study in drug resistant depressed patients. Neurosci Lett. 2009; 453: 195–198. 29) Pan W, Banks WA, Fasold MB, Bluth J, Kastin AJ. Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier. Neurophamacology 1998; 37: 1553–1561. 28) Aydemir O, Deveci A, Taneli F. The effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients: a preliminary study. Prog Neuropharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 261–265. 25) Schaaf MJ, de Jong J, de Kloet ER, Vreuqdenhil E. Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Res 1998; 813: 112–120. 1) Kho KH, van Vereswijik MF, Simpson S, Zwinderman AH. A meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy efficacy in depression. J ECT 2003; 19: 139–147. 27) Baldinger P, Lotan A, Frey R, Kasper S, Lerer B, Lanzenberger R. Neurotransmitters and Electroconvulsive Therapy. J ECT 2014; 30: 116–21. 31) Lommatzsch M, Zingler D, Schuhbaeck K, Schloetcke K, Zinqler C, Schuff-Werner P, Virchow JC. The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 115–123. 8) Marano CM, Phatak P, Vemulapali UR, Sasan A, Nalbandyan MR, Ramanujam S, Soekadar S, Demosthenous M, Reqenold WT. Increased plasma concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with electroconvulsive therapy: a pilot study in patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 512–517. 16) Haghighi M, Salehi I, Erfani P, Jahanqard L, Bajoqhli H, Holsboer-Trachaler E, Brand S. Additional ECT increases BDNF-levels in patients suffering from major depressive disorders compared to patients treated with citalopram only. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47: 908–915. 15) Gedge L, Beaudoin A, Lazowski L, du Toit R, Jokic R, Milev R. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression. Front Psychiatry 2012; 24: 3–12. 26) Fosse R, Read J. Electroconvulsive Treatment: Hypotheses about Mechanisms of Action. Front Psychiatry 2013; 27: 4:94. 7) Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Zanardini R, Bortolomasi M, Abate M, Seqala M, Giacopuzzi M, Riva MA, Marchina E, Pasqualetti P, Perez J, Gennarelli M. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) increases serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in drug resistant depressed patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmcol 2006; 16: 620–624. 23) Holsboer F. Neuroendocrinology of mood disorders. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds) Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press: New York; 1995: 957–969. 21) Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960; 23: 56–62. 19) Brunoni A, Baeken C, Machado-Vieira R, Gattaz WF, Vanderhasselt MA. BDNF blood levels after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15: 411–418. 10) Gronli O, Stensland GO, Wynn R, Olstad R. Neurotropic factors in serum following ECT: a pilot study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10: 295–301. 24) Yuuki N, Ida I, Oshima A, Kumano H, Takahashi K, Fukuda M, Oriuchi N, Endo K, Matsuda H, Mikuni M. HPA axis normalization, estimated by DEX/CRH test, but less alteration on cerebral glucose metabolism in depressed patients receiving ECT after medication treatment failure. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112: 257–265. 13) Hu Y, Yu X, Yang F, Si T, Wang W, Tan Y, Zhou D, Wang H, Chen D. The level of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with the therapeutic efficacy of modified electroconvulsive therapy in Chinese patents with depression. J ECT 2010; 26: 121–125. 3) Taylor SM. Electroconvulsive therapy, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and possible neurorestorative benefit of the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2008; 24: 160–165. 18) Bilgen AE, Bozkurt Zincir S, Zincir S, Ozdemir B, Ak M, Aydemir E, Sener I. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in treatment resistant major depression. Brain Res Bull. 2014; 104: 82–87. 9) Okamoto T, Yoshimura R, Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Hori H, Umene-Nakano W, Inoue Y, Ueda N, Nakamura J. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy is associated with changing blood levels of homovanillic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in refractory depressed patients: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 1185–1190. 2) Khalid N, Atkins M, Tredget J, Giles M, Champney-Smith K, Kirov G. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. J ECT 2008; 24: 141–145. 6) Sen S, Duman R, Sanacora G. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medication: meta-analyses and implications. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 527–532. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 29) Pan W, Banks WA, Fasold MB, Bluth J, Kastin AJ. Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier. Neurophamacology 1998; 37: 1553–1561. – reference: 19) Brunoni A, Baeken C, Machado-Vieira R, Gattaz WF, Vanderhasselt MA. BDNF blood levels after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15: 411–418. – reference: 18) Bilgen AE, Bozkurt Zincir S, Zincir S, Ozdemir B, Ak M, Aydemir E, Sener I. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in treatment resistant major depression. Brain Res Bull. 2014; 104: 82–87. – reference: 17) Lin CH, Chen MC, Lee WK, Chen CC, Huanq CH, Lane HY. Electroconvulsive therapy improves clinical manifestation with plasma levels unchanged in treatment-resistant depression patients. Neuropsychobiology 2013; 68: 110–115. – reference: 10) Gronli O, Stensland GO, Wynn R, Olstad R. Neurotropic factors in serum following ECT: a pilot study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10: 295–301. – reference: 5) Karege F, Perret G, Bondolfi G, Schwald M, Bertschy G, Aubry JM. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2002; 109: 143–148. – reference: 16) Haghighi M, Salehi I, Erfani P, Jahanqard L, Bajoqhli H, Holsboer-Trachaler E, Brand S. Additional ECT increases BDNF-levels in patients suffering from major depressive disorders compared to patients treated with citalopram only. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47: 908–915. – reference: 21) Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960; 23: 56–62. – reference: 24) Yuuki N, Ida I, Oshima A, Kumano H, Takahashi K, Fukuda M, Oriuchi N, Endo K, Matsuda H, Mikuni M. HPA axis normalization, estimated by DEX/CRH test, but less alteration on cerebral glucose metabolism in depressed patients receiving ECT after medication treatment failure. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112: 257–265. – reference: 1) Kho KH, van Vereswijik MF, Simpson S, Zwinderman AH. A meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy efficacy in depression. J ECT 2003; 19: 139–147. – reference: 9) Okamoto T, Yoshimura R, Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Hori H, Umene-Nakano W, Inoue Y, Ueda N, Nakamura J. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy is associated with changing blood levels of homovanillic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in refractory depressed patients: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 1185–1190. – reference: 11) Fernandes B, Gama CS, Massuda R, Torres M, Camargo D, Kunz M, Belmonte-de-Abreu PS, Kapczinski F, de Almeida Fleck MP, Ines Lobato M. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is not associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a pilot study in drug resistant depressed patients. Neurosci Lett. 2009; 453: 195–198. – reference: 13) Hu Y, Yu X, Yang F, Si T, Wang W, Tan Y, Zhou D, Wang H, Chen D. The level of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with the therapeutic efficacy of modified electroconvulsive therapy in Chinese patents with depression. J ECT 2010; 26: 121–125. – reference: 6) Sen S, Duman R, Sanacora G. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medication: meta-analyses and implications. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 527–532. – reference: 3) Taylor SM. Electroconvulsive therapy, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and possible neurorestorative benefit of the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2008; 24: 160–165. – reference: 7) Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Zanardini R, Bortolomasi M, Abate M, Seqala M, Giacopuzzi M, Riva MA, Marchina E, Pasqualetti P, Perez J, Gennarelli M. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) increases serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in drug resistant depressed patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmcol 2006; 16: 620–624. – reference: 31) Lommatzsch M, Zingler D, Schuhbaeck K, Schloetcke K, Zinqler C, Schuff-Werner P, Virchow JC. The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 115–123. – reference: 28) Aydemir O, Deveci A, Taneli F. The effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients: a preliminary study. Prog Neuropharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 261–265. – reference: 20) Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don’t succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 23–29. – reference: 2) Khalid N, Atkins M, Tredget J, Giles M, Champney-Smith K, Kirov G. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. J ECT 2008; 24: 141–145. – reference: 14) Stelzhammer V, Guest PC, Rothermundt M, Sondermann C, Michael N, Schwarz E, Rahmoune H, Bahn S. Electroconvulsive therapy exerts mainly acute molecular changes in serum of major depressive disorder patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012; 23: 1199–1207. – reference: 22) Montgomery SA, Äsberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 382–389. – reference: 15) Gedge L, Beaudoin A, Lazowski L, du Toit R, Jokic R, Milev R. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression. Front Psychiatry 2012; 24: 3–12. – reference: 23) Holsboer F. Neuroendocrinology of mood disorders. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds) Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press: New York; 1995: 957–969. – reference: 8) Marano CM, Phatak P, Vemulapali UR, Sasan A, Nalbandyan MR, Ramanujam S, Soekadar S, Demosthenous M, Reqenold WT. Increased plasma concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with electroconvulsive therapy: a pilot study in patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 512–517. – reference: 26) Fosse R, Read J. Electroconvulsive Treatment: Hypotheses about Mechanisms of Action. Front Psychiatry 2013; 27: 4:94. – reference: 30) Karege F, Schwald M, Cisse M. Postnatal development profile of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat brain and platelets. Neurosci Lett 2002; 328: 261–264. – reference: 4) Gonul AS, Akdeniz F, Taneli F, Donat O, Eker C, Vaip S. Effect of Treatment on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255: 381–386. – reference: 12) Piccinni A, Del Debbio A, Medda P, Bianchi C, Roncaqlia I, Veltri A, Zanello S, Massimetti E, Oriqlia N, Domenici L, Marazziti D, Dellosso L. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in treatment-resistant depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Eur Neuropsychopharmcol 2009; 19: 349–355. – reference: 27) Baldinger P, Lotan A, Frey R, Kasper S, Lerer B, Lanzenberger R. Neurotransmitters and Electroconvulsive Therapy. J ECT 2014; 30: 116–21. – reference: 25) Schaaf MJ, de Jong J, de Kloet ER, Vreuqdenhil E. Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Res 1998; 813: 112–120. – ident: 28 doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.009 – ident: 2 doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e318157ac58 – ident: 13 doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181c18bbf – ident: 3 doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181571ad0 – ident: 1 doi: 10.1097/00124509-200309000-00005 – ident: 15 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00012 – ident: 6 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.005 – ident: 9 doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.02.009 – ident: 27 doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000138 – ident: 17 doi: 10.1159/000352013 – ident: 21 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 – ident: 16 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.006 – ident: 10 doi: 10.3109/15622970701586323 – ident: 26 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00094 – ident: 7 doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.04.010 – ident: 8 doi: 10.4088/JCP.v68n0404 – ident: 30 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00529-3 – ident: 20 – ident: 12 doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.01.002 – ident: 11 doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.032 – ident: 18 doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.04.005 – ident: 25 doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01010-5 – ident: 24 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00625.x – ident: 5 doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00005-7 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1007/s00406-005-0578-6 – ident: 14 doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.012 – ident: 22 doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 – ident: 29 doi: 10.1016/S0028-3908(98)00141-5 – ident: 19 doi: 10.3109/15622975.2014.892633 – ident: 31 doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002 – ident: 23 |
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| Snippet | Objectives: To determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in... [Abstract] Objectives: To determine whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy... |
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| SubjectTerms | BDNF electroconvulsive therapy Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale refractory depression |
| Title | Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels Following Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-resistant Depressed Patients |
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| ispartofPNX | Journal of St. Marianna University, 2015, Vol.6(2), pp.253-261 |
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