Fentanyl‐related substance scheduling as an effective drug control strategy
Fentanyl is now the primary driver of the current opioid crisis. Fentanyl and its analogues are subject to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (Federal Analogue Act), state laws, international treaties, and the laws of foreign countries....
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| Published in | Journal of forensic sciences Vol. 66; no. 4; pp. 1186 - 1200 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.07.2021
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Fentanyl is now the primary driver of the current opioid crisis. Fentanyl and its analogues are subject to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (Federal Analogue Act), state laws, international treaties, and the laws of foreign countries. The appearance of novel psychoactive substances led to further legislative developments in scheduling. New fentanyl analogues proliferated in a manner previously unseen since about 2016. Overdose deaths of these fentanyl analogues prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration to reactively emergency schedule each new fentanyl analogue as it appeared. The international community also acted. Finally, on February 6, 2018, a proactive temporary (emergency) class‐wide scheduling of fentanyl‐related substances was implemented based upon the fentanyl core structure to save lives. This action spurred a similar action in China. Fentanyl analogues fell dramatically in the marketplace, despite further increases in fentanyl itself. Congress temporarily extended this scheduling, but it will soon expire. Opposition to permanent class‐wide was lodged due to concerns over law enforcement overreach, inadequate Health and Human Services input, and hindrance of research. This paper reaffirms the importance of a class‐based scheduling strategy while also arguing for increased research of schedule I controlled substances. |
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| AbstractList | Fentanyl is now the primary driver of the current opioid crisis. Fentanyl and its analogues are subject to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (Federal Analogue Act), state laws, international treaties, and the laws of foreign countries. The appearance of novel psychoactive substances led to further legislative developments in scheduling. New fentanyl analogues proliferated in a manner previously unseen since about 2016. Overdose deaths of these fentanyl analogues prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration to reactively emergency schedule each new fentanyl analogue as it appeared. The international community also acted. Finally, on February 6, 2018, a proactive temporary (emergency) class‐wide scheduling of fentanyl‐related substances was implemented based upon the fentanyl core structure to save lives. This action spurred a similar action in China. Fentanyl analogues fell dramatically in the marketplace, despite further increases in fentanyl itself. Congress temporarily extended this scheduling, but it will soon expire. Opposition to permanent class‐wide was lodged due to concerns over law enforcement overreach, inadequate Health and Human Services input, and hindrance of research. This paper reaffirms the importance of a class‐based scheduling strategy while also arguing for increased research of schedule I controlled substances. Fentanyl is now the primary driver of the current opioid crisis. Fentanyl and its analogues are subject to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (Federal Analogue Act), state laws, international treaties, and the laws of foreign countries. The appearance of novel psychoactive substances led to further legislative developments in scheduling. New fentanyl analogues proliferated in a manner previously unseen since about 2016. Overdose deaths of these fentanyl analogues prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration to reactively emergency schedule each new fentanyl analogue as it appeared. The international community also acted. Finally, on February 6, 2018, a proactive temporary (emergency) class-wide scheduling of fentanyl-related substances was implemented based upon the fentanyl core structure to save lives. This action spurred a similar action in China. Fentanyl analogues fell dramatically in the marketplace, despite further increases in fentanyl itself. Congress temporarily extended this scheduling, but it will soon expire. Opposition to permanent class-wide was lodged due to concerns over law enforcement overreach, inadequate Health and Human Services input, and hindrance of research. This paper reaffirms the importance of a class-based scheduling strategy while also arguing for increased research of schedule I controlled substances.Fentanyl is now the primary driver of the current opioid crisis. Fentanyl and its analogues are subject to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (Federal Analogue Act), state laws, international treaties, and the laws of foreign countries. The appearance of novel psychoactive substances led to further legislative developments in scheduling. New fentanyl analogues proliferated in a manner previously unseen since about 2016. Overdose deaths of these fentanyl analogues prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration to reactively emergency schedule each new fentanyl analogue as it appeared. The international community also acted. Finally, on February 6, 2018, a proactive temporary (emergency) class-wide scheduling of fentanyl-related substances was implemented based upon the fentanyl core structure to save lives. This action spurred a similar action in China. Fentanyl analogues fell dramatically in the marketplace, despite further increases in fentanyl itself. Congress temporarily extended this scheduling, but it will soon expire. Opposition to permanent class-wide was lodged due to concerns over law enforcement overreach, inadequate Health and Human Services input, and hindrance of research. This paper reaffirms the importance of a class-based scheduling strategy while also arguing for increased research of schedule I controlled substances. |
| Author | Elizabeth Zaney, Mary Lurie, Ira Weedn, Victor W. McCord, Bruce Baker, Andrew |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Forensic Sciences George Washington University Washington DC USA 4 Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office Minneapolis MN USA 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL USA 2 Miami‐Dade County Medical Examiner Department Miami FL USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office Minneapolis MN USA – name: 1 Department of Forensic Sciences George Washington University Washington DC USA – name: 2 Miami‐Dade County Medical Examiner Department Miami FL USA – name: 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Victor W. surname: Weedn fullname: Weedn, Victor W. email: vweedn@gwu.edu organization: George Washington University – sequence: 2 givenname: Mary surname: Elizabeth Zaney fullname: Elizabeth Zaney, Mary organization: Miami‐Dade County Medical Examiner Department – sequence: 3 givenname: Bruce surname: McCord fullname: McCord, Bruce organization: Florida International University – sequence: 4 givenname: Ira surname: Lurie fullname: Lurie, Ira organization: George Washington University – sequence: 5 givenname: Andrew surname: Baker fullname: Baker, Andrew organization: Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33951192$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects class‐wide scheduling Controlled substances Controlled Substances Act Drug and Narcotic Control - legislation & jurisprudence Drug overdose Drug policy Fentanyl Fentanyl - adverse effects Fentanyl - analogs & derivatives fentanyl analogues fentanyl‐related substances Humans Illicit Drugs - adverse effects Opioid Epidemic scheduling temporary scheduling United States |
| Title | Fentanyl‐related substance scheduling as an effective drug control strategy |
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