Spatial and temporal regeneration patterns within gaps in the primary forests vs. secondary forests of Northeast China
Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially f...
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| Published in | Frontiers in plant science Vol. 14; p. 1305535 |
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28.11.2023
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| Abstract | Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially for temperate forests in Northeast China. We recorded 45,619 regenerated trees and shrubs in young gaps (<10 years), old gaps (10~20 years), and closed forest stands (i.e., filled gaps) in the primary broadleaved Korean pine (
Pinus koraiensis
Sieb. Rt Zucc.) forests vs. secondary forests (degraded from primary forests). The gap-filling processes along horizontal (Cartesian coordinate system) and vertical (lower layer: 0~5 m, medium layer: 5~10 m, and upper layer: >10 m) dimensions were quantified by shade tolerance groups of trees and shrubs. We found that gap age, competition between species, and pre-existing regeneration status resulted in different species replacement patterns within gaps in primary vs. secondary forests. Gap formation in both primary and secondary forests increased species richness, with 33, 38, 39, and 41 in the primary closed stands, primary forest gaps, secondary closed stands, and secondary forest gaps, respectively. However, only 35.9% of species in primary forest gaps and 34.1% in secondary forest gaps successfully reached the upper layer. Based on the importance values (IVs) of tree species across different canopy heights, light-demanding trees in the upper layer of the secondary forests were gradually replaced by intermediate and shade-tolerant trees. In the primary forests, Korean pine exhibited intermittent growth patterns at different canopy heights, while it had continuous regeneration along vertical height gradients in the secondary forests. The differences in Korean pine regeneration between the primary and secondary forests existed before gap formation and continued during the gap-filling processes. The interspecific competition among different tree species gradually decreased with increasing vertical height, and compared to the primary forests, the secondary forests showed an earlier occurrence of competition exclusion within gaps. Our findings revealed the species replacement patterns within gaps and provided a further understanding of the competition dynamics among tree species during the gap-filling processes. |
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| AbstractList | Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially for temperate forests in Northeast China. We recorded 45,619 regenerated trees and shrubs in young gaps (<10 years), old gaps (10~20 years), and closed forest stands (i.e., filled gaps) in the primary broadleaved Korean pine (
Pinus koraiensis
Sieb. Rt Zucc.) forests vs. secondary forests (degraded from primary forests). The gap-filling processes along horizontal (Cartesian coordinate system) and vertical (lower layer: 0~5 m, medium layer: 5~10 m, and upper layer: >10 m) dimensions were quantified by shade tolerance groups of trees and shrubs. We found that gap age, competition between species, and pre-existing regeneration status resulted in different species replacement patterns within gaps in primary vs. secondary forests. Gap formation in both primary and secondary forests increased species richness, with 33, 38, 39, and 41 in the primary closed stands, primary forest gaps, secondary closed stands, and secondary forest gaps, respectively. However, only 35.9% of species in primary forest gaps and 34.1% in secondary forest gaps successfully reached the upper layer. Based on the importance values (IVs) of tree species across different canopy heights, light-demanding trees in the upper layer of the secondary forests were gradually replaced by intermediate and shade-tolerant trees. In the primary forests, Korean pine exhibited intermittent growth patterns at different canopy heights, while it had continuous regeneration along vertical height gradients in the secondary forests. The differences in Korean pine regeneration between the primary and secondary forests existed before gap formation and continued during the gap-filling processes. The interspecific competition among different tree species gradually decreased with increasing vertical height, and compared to the primary forests, the secondary forests showed an earlier occurrence of competition exclusion within gaps. Our findings revealed the species replacement patterns within gaps and provided a further understanding of the competition dynamics among tree species during the gap-filling processes. Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially for temperate forests in Northeast China. We recorded 45,619 regenerated trees and shrubs in young gaps (<10 years), old gaps (10~20 years), and closed forest stands (i.e., filled gaps) in the primary broadleaved Korean pine ( Sieb. Rt Zucc.) forests vs. secondary forests (degraded from primary forests). The gap-filling processes along horizontal (Cartesian coordinate system) and vertical (lower layer: 0~5 m, medium layer: 5~10 m, and upper layer: >10 m) dimensions were quantified by shade tolerance groups of trees and shrubs. We found that gap age, competition between species, and pre-existing regeneration status resulted in different species replacement patterns within gaps in primary vs. secondary forests. Gap formation in both primary and secondary forests increased species richness, with 33, 38, 39, and 41 in the primary closed stands, primary forest gaps, secondary closed stands, and secondary forest gaps, respectively. However, only 35.9% of species in primary forest gaps and 34.1% in secondary forest gaps successfully reached the upper layer. Based on the importance values (IVs) of tree species across different canopy heights, light-demanding trees in the upper layer of the secondary forests were gradually replaced by intermediate and shade-tolerant trees. In the primary forests, Korean pine exhibited intermittent growth patterns at different canopy heights, while it had continuous regeneration along vertical height gradients in the secondary forests. The differences in Korean pine regeneration between the primary and secondary forests existed before gap formation and continued during the gap-filling processes. The interspecific competition among different tree species gradually decreased with increasing vertical height, and compared to the primary forests, the secondary forests showed an earlier occurrence of competition exclusion within gaps. Our findings revealed the species replacement patterns within gaps and provided a further understanding of the competition dynamics among tree species during the gap-filling processes. Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially for temperate forests in Northeast China. We recorded 45,619 regenerated trees and shrubs in young gaps (<10 years), old gaps (10~20 years), and closed forest stands (i.e., filled gaps) in the primary broadleaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Rt Zucc.) forests vs. secondary forests (degraded from primary forests). The gap-filling processes along horizontal (Cartesian coordinate system) and vertical (lower layer: 0~5 m, medium layer: 5~10 m, and upper layer: >10 m) dimensions were quantified by shade tolerance groups of trees and shrubs. We found that gap age, competition between species, and pre-existing regeneration status resulted in different species replacement patterns within gaps in primary vs. secondary forests. Gap formation in both primary and secondary forests increased species richness, with 33, 38, 39, and 41 in the primary closed stands, primary forest gaps, secondary closed stands, and secondary forest gaps, respectively. However, only 35.9% of species in primary forest gaps and 34.1% in secondary forest gaps successfully reached the upper layer. Based on the importance values (IVs) of tree species across different canopy heights, light-demanding trees in the upper layer of the secondary forests were gradually replaced by intermediate and shade-tolerant trees. In the primary forests, Korean pine exhibited intermittent growth patterns at different canopy heights, while it had continuous regeneration along vertical height gradients in the secondary forests. The differences in Korean pine regeneration between the primary and secondary forests existed before gap formation and continued during the gap-filling processes. The interspecific competition among different tree species gradually decreased with increasing vertical height, and compared to the primary forests, the secondary forests showed an earlier occurrence of competition exclusion within gaps. Our findings revealed the species replacement patterns within gaps and provided a further understanding of the competition dynamics among tree species during the gap-filling processes.Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially for temperate forests in Northeast China. We recorded 45,619 regenerated trees and shrubs in young gaps (<10 years), old gaps (10~20 years), and closed forest stands (i.e., filled gaps) in the primary broadleaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Rt Zucc.) forests vs. secondary forests (degraded from primary forests). The gap-filling processes along horizontal (Cartesian coordinate system) and vertical (lower layer: 0~5 m, medium layer: 5~10 m, and upper layer: >10 m) dimensions were quantified by shade tolerance groups of trees and shrubs. We found that gap age, competition between species, and pre-existing regeneration status resulted in different species replacement patterns within gaps in primary vs. secondary forests. Gap formation in both primary and secondary forests increased species richness, with 33, 38, 39, and 41 in the primary closed stands, primary forest gaps, secondary closed stands, and secondary forest gaps, respectively. However, only 35.9% of species in primary forest gaps and 34.1% in secondary forest gaps successfully reached the upper layer. Based on the importance values (IVs) of tree species across different canopy heights, light-demanding trees in the upper layer of the secondary forests were gradually replaced by intermediate and shade-tolerant trees. In the primary forests, Korean pine exhibited intermittent growth patterns at different canopy heights, while it had continuous regeneration along vertical height gradients in the secondary forests. The differences in Korean pine regeneration between the primary and secondary forests existed before gap formation and continued during the gap-filling processes. The interspecific competition among different tree species gradually decreased with increasing vertical height, and compared to the primary forests, the secondary forests showed an earlier occurrence of competition exclusion within gaps. Our findings revealed the species replacement patterns within gaps and provided a further understanding of the competition dynamics among tree species during the gap-filling processes. Forest gaps play an important role during forest succession in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the differences in spatial distribution and replacement patterns of woody plants (trees and shrubs) between primary and secondary forests remain unclear during the gap-filling processes, especially for temperate forests in Northeast China. We recorded 45,619 regenerated trees and shrubs in young gaps (<10 years), old gaps (10~20 years), and closed forest stands (i.e., filled gaps) in the primary broadleaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Rt Zucc.) forests vs. secondary forests (degraded from primary forests). The gap-filling processes along horizontal (Cartesian coordinate system) and vertical (lower layer: 0~5 m, medium layer: 5~10 m, and upper layer: >10 m) dimensions were quantified by shade tolerance groups of trees and shrubs. We found that gap age, competition between species, and pre-existing regeneration status resulted in different species replacement patterns within gaps in primary vs. secondary forests. Gap formation in both primary and secondary forests increased species richness, with 33, 38, 39, and 41 in the primary closed stands, primary forest gaps, secondary closed stands, and secondary forest gaps, respectively. However, only 35.9% of species in primary forest gaps and 34.1% in secondary forest gaps successfully reached the upper layer. Based on the importance values (IVs) of tree species across different canopy heights, light-demanding trees in the upper layer of the secondary forests were gradually replaced by intermediate and shade-tolerant trees. In the primary forests, Korean pine exhibited intermittent growth patterns at different canopy heights, while it had continuous regeneration along vertical height gradients in the secondary forests. The differences in Korean pine regeneration between the primary and secondary forests existed before gap formation and continued during the gap-filling processes. The interspecific competition among different tree species gradually decreased with increasing vertical height, and compared to the primary forests, the secondary forests showed an earlier occurrence of competition exclusion within gaps. Our findings revealed the species replacement patterns within gaps and provided a further understanding of the competition dynamics among tree species during the gap-filling processes. |
| Author | Zhu, Jiaojun Ge, Xiaowen Liu, Huaqi Zhang, Jinxin Wang, Xiaoyu Lu, Deliang Zhang, Guangqi Wu, Danni Lin, Litao |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Center for Ecological Civilization Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing , China 6 College of Forestry, Guizhou University , Guiyang , China 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology , Shenyang , China 5 Jiyang College, Zhejiang A & F University , Zhuji , China 1 Qingyuan Forest CERN, National Observation and Research Station, Liaoning , Shenyang , China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 6 College of Forestry, Guizhou University , Guiyang , China – name: 4 Center for Ecological Civilization Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing , China – name: 1 Qingyuan Forest CERN, National Observation and Research Station, Liaoning , Shenyang , China – name: 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China – name: 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology , Shenyang , China – name: 5 Jiyang College, Zhejiang A & F University , Zhuji , China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Danni surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Danni – sequence: 2 givenname: Deliang surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Deliang – sequence: 3 givenname: Jiaojun surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Jiaojun – sequence: 4 givenname: Xiaowen surname: Ge fullname: Ge, Xiaowen – sequence: 5 givenname: Jinxin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Jinxin – sequence: 6 givenname: Litao surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Litao – sequence: 7 givenname: Xiaoyu surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xiaoyu – sequence: 8 givenname: Huaqi surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Huaqi – sequence: 9 givenname: Guangqi surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Guangqi |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38089789$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foreco_2025_122612 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isprsjprs_2024_08_001 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01615.x 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.026 10.1016/0378-1127(85)90014-3 10.1179/000870494787073718 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.031 10.1038/nclimate3303 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00400.x 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.01.023 10.1023/A:1023969822044 10.1023/A:1018381111842 10.1111/nph.15957 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202202.016 10.1111/brv.12193 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0498 10.1007/BF02910062 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.029 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00540-6 10.13292/j.1000-4890.1986.0078 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01231.x 10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121234 10.1111/1365-2745.12331 10.1016/0169-5347(96)81090-1 10.1002/ecs2.1365 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00535-1 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119311 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201905.004 10.1007/978-4-431-67879-3 10.1139/x93-172 10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.2009.11.024 10.1093/forestry/cpw024 10.1007/s10342-009-0293-3 10.1139/er-2012-0033 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.002 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1977.tb01347.x 10.1126/science.283.5401.554 10.1080/00949658508810822 10.1016/j.flora.2008.12.006 10.1093/forestry/cpy007 10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120994 10.1002/ecs2.3322 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00448-4 10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.1987.04.004 10.1139/x05-269 10.13332/j.1000–1522.20180301 10.1556/168.2017.18.3.3 10.1111/oik.03099 10.1126/science.abl4649 10.1371/journal.pone.0082414 10.1111/1365-2435.12148 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105617 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.044 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2003.03620.x 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.022 10.1139/x00-075 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118943 10.1007/s00484-009-0260-1 10.1007/s11434-013-0013-8 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.005 |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2023 Wu, Lu, Zhu, Ge, Zhang, Lin, Wang, Liu and Zhang. Copyright © 2023 Wu, Lu, Zhu, Ge, Zhang, Lin, Wang, Liu and Zhang 2023 Wu, Lu, Zhu, Ge, Zhang, Lin, Wang, Liu and Zhang |
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| Keywords | forest gap pattern and dynamic secondary forest primary forest natural regeneration |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2023 Wu, Lu, Zhu, Ge, Zhang, Lin, Wang, Liu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Ming Dong, Hangzhou Normal University, China These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship Reviewed by: Changxiao Li, Southwest University, China; David Pessanha Siqueira, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited (Scion), New Zealand |
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| Title | Spatial and temporal regeneration patterns within gaps in the primary forests vs. secondary forests of Northeast China |
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