Human hair follicle epithelium has an antimicrobial defence system that includes the inducible antimicrobial peptide psoriasin (S100A7) and RNase 7

Summary Background  Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the presence of local, efficient, antimicrobial defence systems, which may include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Objectives ...

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Published inBritish journal of dermatology (1951) Vol. 161; no. 1; pp. 78 - 89
Main Authors Reithmayer, K., Meyer, K.C., Kleditzsch, P., Tiede, S., Uppalapati, S.K., Gläser, R., Harder, J., Schröder, J.-M., Paus, R.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2009
Wiley-Blackwell
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Abstract Summary Background  Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the presence of local, efficient, antimicrobial defence systems, which may include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Objectives  We determined the presence and distribution of the major AMPs, RNase 7 and psoriasin (S100A7), in human scalp HFs. We investigated whether HF production of these AMPs was induced by prototypic microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines, i.e. interferon (IFN)‐γ. Finally, we examined whether the classical pathways for AMP induction, such as toll‐like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR5 expression, are present in human HFs and up‐regulated after stimulation with bacterium‐associated ligands. Methods  Cryosections from fresh or organ‐cultured full‐thickness normal human scalp skin treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, protein A, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or IFN‐γ were stained for psoriasin and RNase 7 immunoreactivity (IR) as well as for TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, outer root sheath cell culture and semiquantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of RNase 7 and psoriasin were performed. Results  Specific RNase 7 IR was present throughout the entire HF outer root sheath in situ and in cell culture, whereas psoriasin IR was present only in the most distal compartment and not detectable in cultured ORS cells. Upon treatment with Gram‐positive (LTA, protein A) or Gram‐negative bacterial (LPS, flagellin) cell wall components, or with the cytokine IFN‐γ, the IR of both psoriasin and RNase 7 was modified. TLR4 and TLR5 IR was detected in the normal HF epithelium and were upregulated after treatment with their respective ligand. The mRNA analysis confirmed the immunohistochemistry results. Conclusions  This pilot study suggests that normal human scalp HF epithelium possesses a functional antimicrobial defence system, which includes the AMPs RNase 7 and psoriasin, and TLRs, and that these are induced by classical microbial products.
AbstractList Summary Background  Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the presence of local, efficient, antimicrobial defence systems, which may include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Objectives  We determined the presence and distribution of the major AMPs, RNase 7 and psoriasin (S100A7), in human scalp HFs. We investigated whether HF production of these AMPs was induced by prototypic microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines, i.e. interferon (IFN)‐γ. Finally, we examined whether the classical pathways for AMP induction, such as toll‐like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR5 expression, are present in human HFs and up‐regulated after stimulation with bacterium‐associated ligands. Methods  Cryosections from fresh or organ‐cultured full‐thickness normal human scalp skin treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, protein A, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or IFN‐γ were stained for psoriasin and RNase 7 immunoreactivity (IR) as well as for TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, outer root sheath cell culture and semiquantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of RNase 7 and psoriasin were performed. Results  Specific RNase 7 IR was present throughout the entire HF outer root sheath in situ and in cell culture, whereas psoriasin IR was present only in the most distal compartment and not detectable in cultured ORS cells. Upon treatment with Gram‐positive (LTA, protein A) or Gram‐negative bacterial (LPS, flagellin) cell wall components, or with the cytokine IFN‐γ, the IR of both psoriasin and RNase 7 was modified. TLR4 and TLR5 IR was detected in the normal HF epithelium and were upregulated after treatment with their respective ligand. The mRNA analysis confirmed the immunohistochemistry results. Conclusions  This pilot study suggests that normal human scalp HF epithelium possesses a functional antimicrobial defence system, which includes the AMPs RNase 7 and psoriasin, and TLRs, and that these are induced by classical microbial products.
Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the presence of local, efficient, antimicrobial defence systems, which may include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). We determined the presence and distribution of the major AMPs, RNase 7 and psoriasin (S100A7), in human scalp HFs. We investigated whether HF production of these AMPs was induced by prototypic microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines, i.e. interferon (IFN)-gamma. Finally, we examined whether the classical pathways for AMP induction, such as toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR5 expression, are present in human HFs and up-regulated after stimulation with bacterium-associated ligands. Cryosections from fresh or organ-cultured full-thickness normal human scalp skin treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, protein A, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or IFN-gamma were stained for psoriasin and RNase 7 immunoreactivity (IR) as well as for TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, outer root sheath cell culture and semiquantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of RNase 7 and psoriasin were performed. Specific RNase 7 IR was present throughout the entire HF outer root sheath in situ and in cell culture, whereas psoriasin IR was present only in the most distal compartment and not detectable in cultured ORS cells. Upon treatment with Gram-positive (LTA, protein A) or Gram-negative bacterial (LPS, flagellin) cell wall components, or with the cytokine IFN-gamma, the IR of both psoriasin and RNase 7 was modified. TLR4 and TLR5 IR was detected in the normal HF epithelium and were upregulated after treatment with their respective ligand. The mRNA analysis confirmed the immunohistochemistry results. This pilot study suggests that normal human scalp HF epithelium possesses a functional antimicrobial defence system, which includes the AMPs RNase 7 and psoriasin, and TLRs, and that these are induced by classical microbial products.
SummaryBackground Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the presence of local, efficient, antimicrobial defence systems, which may include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).Objectives We determined the presence and distribution of the major AMPs, RNase 7 and psoriasin (S100A7), in human scalp HFs. We investigated whether HF production of these AMPs was induced by prototypic microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines, i.e. interferon (IFN)- gamma . Finally, we examined whether the classical pathways for AMP induction, such as toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR5 expression, are present in human HFs and up-regulated after stimulation with bacterium-associated ligands.Methods Cryosections from fresh or organ-cultured full-thickness normal human scalp skin treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, protein A, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or IFN- gamma were stained for psoriasin and RNase 7 immunoreactivity (IR) as well as for TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, outer root sheath cell culture and semiquantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of RNase 7 and psoriasin were performed.Results Specific RNase 7 IR was present throughout the entire HF outer root sheath in situ and in cell culture, whereas psoriasin IR was present only in the most distal compartment and not detectable in cultured ORS cells. Upon treatment with Gram-positive (LTA, protein A) or Gram-negative bacterial (LPS, flagellin) cell wall components, or with the cytokine IFN- gamma , the IR of both psoriasin and RNase 7 was modified. TLR4 and TLR5 IR was detected in the normal HF epithelium and were upregulated after treatment with their respective ligand. The mRNA analysis confirmed the immunohistochemistry results.Conclusions This pilot study suggests that normal human scalp HF epithelium possesses a functional antimicrobial defence system, which includes the AMPs RNase 7 and psoriasin, and TLRs, and that these are induced by classical microbial products.
BACKGROUNDHair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the presence of local, efficient, antimicrobial defence systems, which may include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).OBJECTIVESWe determined the presence and distribution of the major AMPs, RNase 7 and psoriasin (S100A7), in human scalp HFs. We investigated whether HF production of these AMPs was induced by prototypic microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines, i.e. interferon (IFN)-gamma. Finally, we examined whether the classical pathways for AMP induction, such as toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR5 expression, are present in human HFs and up-regulated after stimulation with bacterium-associated ligands.METHODSCryosections from fresh or organ-cultured full-thickness normal human scalp skin treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, protein A, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or IFN-gamma were stained for psoriasin and RNase 7 immunoreactivity (IR) as well as for TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, outer root sheath cell culture and semiquantitative analysis of mRNA expression levels of RNase 7 and psoriasin were performed.RESULTSSpecific RNase 7 IR was present throughout the entire HF outer root sheath in situ and in cell culture, whereas psoriasin IR was present only in the most distal compartment and not detectable in cultured ORS cells. Upon treatment with Gram-positive (LTA, protein A) or Gram-negative bacterial (LPS, flagellin) cell wall components, or with the cytokine IFN-gamma, the IR of both psoriasin and RNase 7 was modified. TLR4 and TLR5 IR was detected in the normal HF epithelium and were upregulated after treatment with their respective ligand. The mRNA analysis confirmed the immunohistochemistry results.CONCLUSIONSThis pilot study suggests that normal human scalp HF epithelium possesses a functional antimicrobial defence system, which includes the AMPs RNase 7 and psoriasin, and TLRs, and that these are induced by classical microbial products.
Author Uppalapati, S.K.
Meyer, K.C.
Kleditzsch, P.
Reithmayer, K.
Paus, R.
Gläser, R.
Tiede, S.
Harder, J.
Schröder, J.-M.
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  surname: Meyer
  fullname: Meyer, K.C.
  organization: Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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  surname: Tiede
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  surname: Harder
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  organization: Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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  surname: Schröder
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Issue 1
Keywords Human
Peptides
Dermatology
human hair follicle, psoriasin
Hair follicle
Epithelium
Antimicrobial agent
antimicrobial peptides
S100A7
Language English
License CC BY 4.0
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1
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Conflicts of interest None declared.
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PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate July 2009
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PublicationDecade 2000
PublicationPlace Oxford, UK
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PublicationTitle British journal of dermatology (1951)
PublicationTitleAlternate Br J Dermatol
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1993; 21
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1996; 107
1989; 109
1995; 63
2006; 63
1997; 108
2004; 172
1997; 387
2002; 106
2008; 23
1995; 368
2008; 22
2007; 64
2007; 21
2007; 449
2007; 127
1995; 13
2005; 114
2006; 15
2008; 17
1997
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2003; 170
1999; 4
1993
1967; 49
2008; 122
2007; 13
2003; 31
1993; 101
2007; 16
2001; 276
2007; 156
1991; 642
2005; 125
2002; 169
1997; 167
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2003; 28
2000; 142
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SSID ssj0013050
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Snippet Summary Background  Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of...
Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This suggests the...
SummaryBackground Hair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection....
BACKGROUNDHair follicle (HF) ostia represent a potential port of microbial entry into the skin. However, they rarely show clinical signs of infection. This...
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StartPage 78
SubjectTerms Aged
antimicrobial peptides
Biological and medical sciences
Calcium-Binding Proteins - metabolism
Dermatology
Epithelium - immunology
Epithelium - metabolism
Female
Hair Follicle - drug effects
Hair Follicle - immunology
Hair Follicle - metabolism
human hair follicle
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Interferon-gamma - pharmacology
Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
psoriasin
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Ribonucleases - metabolism
RNA, Messenger - analysis
S100 Calcium Binding Protein A7
S100 Proteins
S100A7
Toll-Like Receptor 4 - metabolism
Up-Regulation - drug effects
Title Human hair follicle epithelium has an antimicrobial defence system that includes the inducible antimicrobial peptide psoriasin (S100A7) and RNase 7
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416233
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