The Immunopathology of COVID-19 and the Cannabis Paradigm

Coronavirus disease-19 caused by the novel RNA betacoronavirus SARS-CoV2 has first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and since then developed into a worldwide pandemic with >99 million people afflicted and >2.1 million fatal outcomes as of 24th January 2021. SARS-CoV2 targets the lower...

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Published inFrontiers in immunology Vol. 12; p. 631233
Main Authors Paland, Nicole, Pechkovsky, Antonina, Aswad, Miran, Hamza, Haya, Popov, Tania, Shahar, Eduardo, Louria-Hayon, Igal
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 12.02.2021
Subjects
Anti-Inflammatory Agents - therapeutic use
Cannabinoids - therapeutic use
cannabis
Cannabis - immunology
COVID-19
COVID-19 - therapy
cytokine release syndrome
Cytokine Release Syndrome - therapy
cytokine storm
Endocannabinoids - metabolism
Humans
Immunology
inflammation
Pandemics
Phytotherapy
SARS-CoV-2 - physiology
SARS-CoV2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV2
cytokine storm
inflammation
cannabis
cannabinoids
cytokine release syndrome
cannabinoid receptors
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Abstract Coronavirus disease-19 caused by the novel RNA betacoronavirus SARS-CoV2 has first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and since then developed into a worldwide pandemic with >99 million people afflicted and >2.1 million fatal outcomes as of 24th January 2021. SARS-CoV2 targets the lower respiratory tract system leading to pneumonia with fever, cough, and dyspnea. Most patients develop only mild symptoms. However, a certain percentage develop severe symptoms with dyspnea, hypoxia, and lung involvement which can further progress to a critical stage where respiratory support due to respiratory failure is required. Most of the COVID-19 symptoms are related to hyperinflammation as seen in cytokine release syndrome and it is believed that fatalities are due to a COVID-19 related cytokine storm. Treatments with anti-inflammatory or anti-viral drugs are still in clinical trials or could not reduce mortality. This makes it necessary to develop novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Recently, the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids, the unique active compounds of the cannabis plant, has been discovered in the area of immunology. Phytocannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds which biological functions are conveyed by their interactions with the endocannabinoid system in humans. Here, we explore the anti-inflammatory function of cannabinoids in relation to inflammatory events that happen during severe COVID-19 disease, and how cannabinoids might help to prevent the progression from mild to severe disease.
AbstractList Coronavirus disease-19 caused by the novel RNA betacoronavirus SARS-CoV2 has first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and since then developed into a worldwide pandemic with >99 million people afflicted and >2.1 million fatal outcomes as of 24th January 2021. SARS-CoV2 targets the lower respiratory tract system leading to pneumonia with fever, cough, and dyspnea. Most patients develop only mild symptoms. However, a certain percentage develop severe symptoms with dyspnea, hypoxia, and lung involvement which can further progress to a critical stage where respiratory support due to respiratory failure is required. Most of the COVID-19 symptoms are related to hyperinflammation as seen in cytokine release syndrome and it is believed that fatalities are due to a COVID-19 related cytokine storm. Treatments with anti-inflammatory or anti-viral drugs are still in clinical trials or could not reduce mortality. This makes it necessary to develop novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Recently, the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids, the unique active compounds of the cannabis plant, has been discovered in the area of immunology. Phytocannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds which biological functions are conveyed by their interactions with the endocannabinoid system in humans. Here, we explore the anti-inflammatory function of cannabinoids in relation to inflammatory events that happen during severe COVID-19 disease, and how cannabinoids might help to prevent the progression from mild to severe disease.
Author Louria-Hayon, Igal
Shahar, Eduardo
Paland, Nicole
Pechkovsky, Antonina
Aswad, Miran
Popov, Tania
Hamza, Haya
AuthorAffiliation 2 Clinical Immunology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
3 Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
4 Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
1 Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
– name: 4 Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
– name: 1 Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
– name: 2 Clinical Immunology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa , Israel
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Nicole
  surname: Paland
  fullname: Paland, Nicole
  organization: Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Antonina
  surname: Pechkovsky
  fullname: Pechkovsky, Antonina
  organization: Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Miran
  surname: Aswad
  fullname: Aswad, Miran
  organization: Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Haya
  surname: Hamza
  fullname: Hamza, Haya
  organization: Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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  surname: Popov
  fullname: Popov, Tania
  organization: Medical Cannabis Research and Innovation Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
– sequence: 6
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  surname: Shahar
  fullname: Shahar, Eduardo
  organization: Clinical Immunology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Igal
  surname: Louria-Hayon
  fullname: Louria-Hayon, Igal
  organization: Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2021 Paland, Pechkovsky, Aswad, Hamza, Popov, Shahar and Louria-Hayon.
Copyright © 2021 Paland, Pechkovsky, Aswad, Hamza, Popov, Shahar and Louria-Hayon. 2021 Paland, Pechkovsky, Aswad, Hamza, Popov, Shahar and Louria-Hayon
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Keywords COVID-19
SARS-CoV2
cytokine storm
inflammation
cannabis
cannabinoids
cytokine release syndrome
cannabinoid receptors
Language English
License Copyright © 2021 Paland, Pechkovsky, Aswad, Hamza, Popov, Shahar and Louria-Hayon.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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This article was submitted to Inflammation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
Edited by: Amiram Ariel, University of Haifa, Israel
Reviewed by: Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), India; Abhilash Perisetti, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
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Snippet Coronavirus disease-19 caused by the novel RNA betacoronavirus SARS-CoV2 has first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and since then developed into a...
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SubjectTerms Anti-Inflammatory Agents - therapeutic use
Cannabinoids - therapeutic use
cannabis
Cannabis - immunology
COVID-19
COVID-19 - therapy
cytokine release syndrome
Cytokine Release Syndrome - therapy
cytokine storm
Endocannabinoids - metabolism
Humans
Immunology
inflammation
Pandemics
Phytotherapy
SARS-CoV-2 - physiology
SARS-CoV2
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Title The Immunopathology of COVID-19 and the Cannabis Paradigm
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