Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting Conserved Viral RNA Structures and Sequences

The ongoing COVID-19/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a significant threat to public health and has hugely impacted societies globally. Targeting conserved SARS-CoV-2 RNA structures and sequences essential for viral genome translation is a novel approach to in...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inFrontiers in chemistry Vol. 9; p. 802766
Main Authors Hegde, Shalakha, Tang, Zhichao, Zhao, Junxing, Wang, Jingxin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 23.12.2021
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract The ongoing COVID-19/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a significant threat to public health and has hugely impacted societies globally. Targeting conserved SARS-CoV-2 RNA structures and sequences essential for viral genome translation is a novel approach to inhibit viral infection and progression. This new pharmacological modality compasses two classes of RNA-targeting molecules: 1) synthetic small molecules that recognize secondary or tertiary RNA structures and 2) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that recognize the RNA primary sequence. These molecules can also serve as a "bait" fragment in RNA degrading chimeras to eliminate the viral RNA genome. This new type of chimeric RNA degrader is recently named ribonuclease targeting chimera or RIBOTAC. This review paper summarizes the sequence conservation in SARS-CoV-2 and the current development of RNA-targeting molecules to combat this virus. These RNA-binding molecules will also serve as an emerging class of antiviral drug candidates that might pivot to address future viral outbreaks.
AbstractList The ongoing COVID-19/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a significant threat to public health and has hugely impacted societies globally. Targeting conserved SARS-CoV-2 RNA structures and sequences essential for viral genome translation is a novel approach to inhibit viral infection and progression. This new pharmacological modality compasses two classes of RNA-targeting molecules: 1) synthetic small molecules that recognize secondary or tertiary RNA structures and 2) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that recognize the RNA primary sequence. These molecules can also serve as a “bait” fragment in RNA degrading chimeras to eliminate the viral RNA genome. This new type of chimeric RNA degrader is recently named ribonuclease targeting chimera or RIBOTAC. This review paper summarizes the sequence conservation in SARS-CoV-2 and the current development of RNA-targeting molecules to combat this virus. These RNA-binding molecules will also serve as an emerging class of antiviral drug candidates that might pivot to address future viral outbreaks.
Author Tang, Zhichao
Zhao, Junxing
Hegde, Shalakha
Wang, Jingxin
AuthorAffiliation Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , United States
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , United States
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Shalakha
  surname: Hegde
  fullname: Hegde, Shalakha
  organization: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zhichao
  surname: Tang
  fullname: Tang, Zhichao
  organization: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Junxing
  surname: Zhao
  fullname: Zhao, Junxing
  organization: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jingxin
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Jingxin
  organization: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35004621$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNpVkU1vGyEQQFGVqknT_IBeKo69rAsD7LKXSpbVD0tRItlprohlB5vIhhR2I-Xfdx2nUcIFBDOPmXkfyUlMEQn5zNlMCN1-826L-xkw4DPNoKnrd-QMoK0rqGV98up8Si5KuWOMceBCAvtAToViTNbAz8hqGbehC0NIkSZP1_PVulqk2wpo90hvbN7gEOKGLlIsmB-wp7ch2x1dXc3pesijG8aMhdrY0zX-HTE6LJ_Ie293BS-e93Py5-ePm8Xv6vL613Ixv6ycrNVQtdgpCbYBpW0rnWBKKeSt7nXTdFo0rAXvlei1cqzXAKxH9L11KBsuHFPinCyP3D7ZO3Ofw97mR5NsME8XKW-MzUNwOzTKSuGh9VrU0wQaq73vfCdk50Er1vKJ9f3Iuh-7PfYO4zC1-Qb69iWGrdmkB6MbMS2YAF-fATlNcyiD2YficLezEdNYDNRcKy41P4TyY6jLqZSM_uUbzsxBrXlSaw5qzVHtlPPldX0vGf9Fin-RHKCm
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jmedchem_2c00875
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_915202
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsmedchemlett_2c00231
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24021232
crossref_primary_10_3390_ph15121448
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00210_023_02809_7
crossref_primary_10_1080_21505594_2022_2132059
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_antiviral_2024_105946
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_022_34339_w
crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_virology_111821_120646
crossref_primary_10_3390_v14040685
crossref_primary_10_1021_acschembio_3c00720
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2SC06665C
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2023_1258091
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mimet_2023_106780
crossref_primary_10_3389_fddsv_2022_892057
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsbiomaterials_2c00669
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsphyschemau_2c00032
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2022_857490
Cites_doi 10.1128/jvi.78.2.669-682.2004
10.2165/00003088-200241040-00002
10.1021/acscentsci.0c00984
10.1002/anie.202105942
10.1128/JVI.01690-07
10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00094-5
10.1073/pnas.0401799101
10.1126/science.abl4784
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2689
10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02818
10.1093/nar/gkaa1053
10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.008
10.1101/2021.08.23.457434
10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.041
10.1089/nat.2016.0656
10.1038/s41573-020-0075-7
10.1101/2020.06.29.178343
10.1261/rna.5930803
10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055218
10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.021
10.1038/289414a0
10.1073/pnas.1206432109
10.1021/jacs.8b13419
10.1001/jama.2021.0202
10.1101/2021.06.17.21258639
10.1101/2020.06.15.153197
10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.025
10.1073/pnas.0700590104
10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.011
10.1021/ja1098325
10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.023
10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226
10.1128/JVI.01358-06
10.3390/molecules26082263
10.1073/pnas.2012201118
10.1128/jvi.78.2.980-994.2004
10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104351
10.1128/JVI.00663-21
10.3390/biomedicines6020051
10.1038/mt.2011.206
10.1126/science.2421408
10.1021/acschembio.1c00324
10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.038
10.1073/pnas.1806438115
10.1016/j.omtn.2019.12.011
10.1111/gtc.12730
10.1101/2021.05.17.444397
10.1038/s41467-021-24598-4
10.1038/nature13975
10.1002/cmdc.202100456
10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.027
10.1038/s41586-020-2368-8
10.3390/jcm9062004
10.1021/jacs.8b01233
10.1093/nar/gkaa1013
10.1093/jac/dkaa460
10.1073/pnas.2023051118
10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
10.1021/jacs.9b13159
10.1126/science.abf3546
10.1074/jbc.AC120.013449
10.3390/v12121473
10.1126/science.6165080
10.1038/s41573-019-0047-y
10.1073/pnas.94.8.3548
10.1371/journal.pone.0250780
10.1038/nrd.2018.93
10.1093/nar/25.22.4429
10.1261/rna.076141.120
10.1039/D0CC06796B
10.1021/bi5000564
10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.008
10.1001/jama.2020.16783
10.1039/a708608c
10.1073/pnas.1000378107
10.1002/jmv.25700
10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759
10.1016/j.jcf.2017.05.003
10.1093/nar/gky397
10.1093/nar/26.6.1522
10.1002/ANIE.202011419
10.1038/s41434-020-00209-7
10.1261/rna.2816711
10.1038/s41594-021-00653-y
10.1074/jbc.M305893200
10.1101/GAD.4.8.1365
10.1039/d0cs00455c
10.3390/v4113245
10.1089/ard.1993.3.277
10.1038/s41589-018-0142-0
10.1039/d0cs00560f
10.1073/pnas.1004604107
10.24875/BMHIM.20000183
10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.004
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
10.1073/pnas.1914286117
10.1128/jvi.77.14.7890-7902.2003
10.1128/JVI.00803-06
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang.
Copyright © 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang. 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang.
– notice: Copyright © 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang. 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang
DBID NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3389/fchem.2021.802766
DatabaseName PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Chemistry
DocumentTitleAlternate Hegde et al
EISSN 2296-2646
EndPage 802766
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_5a43f29f8363427a8ffbfb34bf285091
10_3389_fchem_2021_802766
35004621
Genre Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
9T4
AAFWJ
ABDBF
ACGFS
ACXDI
ADBBV
ADRAZ
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BCNDV
GROUPED_DOAJ
HYE
IAO
IEA
IPNFZ
ISR
KQ8
M48
M~E
NPM
OK1
PGMZT
RIG
RPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
AFPKN
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c465t-9eb542a7258a94c30555e198d877b837092ff53d85c0d8220deefdace4713c053
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2296-2646
IngestDate Tue Oct 22 14:57:25 EDT 2024
Tue Sep 17 21:18:03 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 25 06:08:14 EDT 2024
Thu Nov 21 23:49:16 EST 2024
Wed Oct 16 00:42:19 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords SARS-CoV-2
small molecule
RIBOTAC
antisense oligonucleotide
antiviral
programmed frameshift
untranslated region
RNA-targeting
Language English
License Copyright © 2021 Hegde, Tang, Zhao and Wang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c465t-9eb542a7258a94c30555e198d877b837092ff53d85c0d8220deefdace4713c053
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
content type line 23
ObjectType-Review-1
Edited by: Jun Wang, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
This article was submitted to Chemical Biology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry
Reviewed by: Tao Liu, Peking University, China
These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Liqiang Chen, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, United States
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8733332/
PMID 35004621
PQID 2618514812
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 1
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_5a43f29f8363427a8ffbfb34bf285091
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8733332
proquest_miscellaneous_2618514812
crossref_primary_10_3389_fchem_2021_802766
pubmed_primary_35004621
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-12-23
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-12-23
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-12-23
  day: 23
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
PublicationTitle Frontiers in chemistry
PublicationTitleAlternate Front Chem
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher Frontiers Media S.A
Publisher_xml – name: Frontiers Media S.A
References 35186888 - Front Chem. 2022 Feb 04;10:842171
Liu (B45) 2020; 142
Sola (B71) 2015; 2
Zúñiga (B99) 2004; 78
Yang (B92) 2015; 206
Liu (B44) 2013; 443
Zhao (B95) 2021; 60
Van Egeren (B83) 2021; 16
Moschos (B54) 2011; 19
Sawicki (B67) 2007; 81
Fedorova (B15) 2018; 14
Costales (B7) 2020; 117
Zhao (B96) 2020; 12
Roy (B65) 1990; 4
Escors (B14) 2003; 77
Roberts (B61) 2020; 19
Ceraolo (B6) 2020; 92
Jaklevic (B34) 2020; 324
Hagemeijer (B27) 2012; 4
Meng (B52) 2015; 518
Naik (B56) 1998; 26
Fischer (B16) 2021
Li (B40); 12
Haniff (B29) 2020; 6
Sanders (B66) 2020
Crosby (B10) 2017; 16
Manfredonia (B48) 2020; 48
Wu (B91) 2010; 107
Robson (B62) 2020; 79
Schulze-Gahmen (B69) 2018; 115
Vankadari (B84) 2020; 11
Fung (B19) 2019; 73
Park (B59) 2011; 133
Papargyri (B58) 2020; 19
Ursu (B81) 2020; 49
Sun (B76); 118
van Dorp (B82) 2020; 83
Liphardt (B43) 1999; 288
McClorey (B51) 2018; 6
Temsamani (B79) 1993; 3
Gottlieb (B25) 2021; 325
Stein (B73) 2017; 25
Lulla (B46) 2021; 95
Baranov (B2) 2005; 332
Warner (B88) 2018; 17
Bernardo (B4) 2012; 109
Goebel (B24) 2007; 81
Hamy (B28) 1997; 94
Costales (B8) 2018; 140
Tang (B77); 26
Mathews (B50) 2004; 101
Yoshida (B93) 2019; 24
Crooke (B9) 2017; 27
Koshkin (B38) 1998; 54
Huston (B33) 2021; 81
Wreschner (B89) 1981; 289
Meyer (B53) 2020; 49
Freier (B18) 1997; 25
Schapira (B68) 2019; 18
Li (B41) 2004; 279
Vatansever (B85) 2021; 118
Geary (B21) 2002; 41
Roman (B63) 2021; 16
Singh (B70) 1998; 1998
Zhu (B97) 2021
Aldred (B1) 2014; 53
Su (B74) 2021; 60
Kim (B36) 2020; 181
Tang (B78); 26
Zhang (B94) 2021; 28
Harger (B30) 2003; 9
Ma (B47) 2021
Hargrove (B31) 2020; 56
Hagedorn (B26) 2018; 46
Rangan (B60) 2020; 26
Wu (B90) 2020; 579
Zafferani (B55) 2021
Geary (B22) 2015; 87
Goebel (B23) 2004; 78
Berber (B3) 2021; 28
Sun (B75); 184
Wacker (B86) 2020; 48
Kelly (B35) 2020; 295
Thakur (B80) 2007; 104
Dhuri (B12) 2020; 9
Knoops (B37) 2008; 6
Dervan (B11) 1986; 232
Rosenke (B64) 2021; 76
Bhatt (B5) 2021; 372
Floyd-Smith (B17) 1981; 212
Lan (B39) 2020
Ziv (B98) 2020; 80
Owen (B57) 2021
Wang (B87) 2020; 395
Stammler (B72) 2011; 17
Disney (B13) 2019; 141
Hillen (B32) 2020; 584
Garbuzenko (B20) 2010; 107
Li (B42)
Züst (B100) 2008; 82
Manzanares-Meza (B49) 2020; 77
References_xml – volume: 78
  start-page: 669
  year: 2004
  ident: B23
  article-title: Characterization of the RNA Components of a Putative Molecular Switch in the 3′ Untranslated Region of the Murine Coronavirus Genome
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.669-682.2004
  contributor:
    fullname: Goebel
– volume: 41
  start-page: 255
  year: 2002
  ident: B21
  article-title: Fomivirsen
  publication-title: Clin. Pharmacokinet.
  doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241040-00002
  contributor:
    fullname: Geary
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1713
  year: 2020
  ident: B29
  article-title: Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Genome with Small Molecule Binders and Ribonuclease Targeting Chimera (RIBOTAC) Degraders
  publication-title: ACS Cent. Sci.
  doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00984
  contributor:
    fullname: Haniff
– volume: 60
  start-page: 21662
  year: 2021
  ident: B74
  article-title: Efficient Inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 Using Chimeric Antisense Oligonucleotides through RNase L Activation
  publication-title: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
  doi: 10.1002/anie.202105942
  contributor:
    fullname: Su
– volume: 82
  start-page: 1214
  year: 2008
  ident: B100
  article-title: Genetic Interactions between an Essential 3′ Cis -Acting RNA Pseudoknot, Replicase Gene Products, and the Extreme 3′ End of the Mouse Coronavirus Genome
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01690-07
  contributor:
    fullname: Züst
– volume: 54
  start-page: 3607
  year: 1998
  ident: B38
  article-title: LNA (Locked Nucleic Acids): Synthesis of the Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, 5-methylcytosine, Thymine and Uracil Bicyclonucleoside Monomers, Oligomerisation, and Unprecedented Nucleic Acid Recognition
  publication-title: Tetrahedron
  doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00094-5
  contributor:
    fullname: Koshkin
– volume: 101
  start-page: 7287
  year: 2004
  ident: B50
  article-title: Incorporating Chemical Modification Constraints into a Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Prediction of RNA Secondary Structure
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401799101
  contributor:
    fullname: Mathews
– start-page: eabl4784
  year: 2021
  ident: B57
  article-title: An Oral SARS-CoV-2 M Pro Inhibitor Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of COVID-19
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.abl4784
  contributor:
    fullname: Owen
– volume: 288
  start-page: 321
  year: 1999
  ident: B43
  article-title: Evidence for an RNA Pseudoknot Loop-helix Interaction Essential for Efficient −1 Ribosomal Frameshifting
  publication-title: J. Mol. Biol.
  doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2689
  contributor:
    fullname: Liphardt
– year: 2021
  ident: B55
  contributor:
    fullname: Zafferani
– volume: 11
  start-page: 9659
  year: 2020
  ident: B84
  article-title: Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1/5′-Untranslated Region Complex and Implications for Potential Therapeutic Targets, a Vaccine, and Virulence
  publication-title: J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
  doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02818
  contributor:
    fullname: Vankadari
– volume: 48
  start-page: 12436
  year: 2020
  ident: B48
  article-title: Genome-wide Mapping of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Structures Identifies Therapeutically-Relevant Elements
  publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res.
  doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1053
  contributor:
    fullname: Manfredonia
– volume: 184
  start-page: 1865
  ident: B75
  article-title: In Vivo structural Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Genome Identifies Host Proteins Vulnerable to Repurposed Drugs
  publication-title: Cell
  doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.008
  contributor:
    fullname: Sun
– volume-title: bioRxiv
  ident: B42
  article-title: Structure-based Design of Antisense Oligonucleotides that Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication
  doi: 10.1101/2021.08.23.457434
  contributor:
    fullname: Li
– volume: 81
  start-page: 584
  year: 2021
  ident: B33
  article-title: Comprehensive In Vivo Secondary Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Reveals Novel Regulatory Motifs and Mechanisms
  publication-title: Mol. Cel
  doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.041
  contributor:
    fullname: Huston
– volume: 27
  start-page: 70
  year: 2017
  ident: B9
  article-title: Molecular Mechanisms of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  publication-title: Nucleic Acid Ther.
  doi: 10.1089/nat.2016.0656
  contributor:
    fullname: Crooke
– volume: 19
  start-page: 673
  year: 2020
  ident: B61
  article-title: Advances in Oligonucleotide Drug Delivery
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
  doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0075-7
  contributor:
    fullname: Roberts
– volume-title: bioRxiv
  year: 2020
  ident: B39
  article-title: Insights into the Secondary Structural Ensembles of the Full SARS-CoV-2 RNA Genome in Infected Cells
  doi: 10.1101/2020.06.29.178343
  contributor:
    fullname: Lan
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1019
  year: 2003
  ident: B30
  article-title: An In Vivo Dual-Luciferase Assay System for Studying Translational Recoding in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  publication-title: RNA
  doi: 10.1261/rna.5930803
  contributor:
    fullname: Harger
– volume: 2
  start-page: 265
  year: 2015
  ident: B71
  article-title: Continuous and Discontinuous RNA Synthesis in Coronaviruses
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Virol.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055218
  contributor:
    fullname: Sola
– volume: 443
  start-page: 40
  year: 2013
  ident: B44
  article-title: Functional Analysis of the Stem Loop S3 and S4 Structures in the Coronavirus 3′UTR
  publication-title: Virology
  doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.021
  contributor:
    fullname: Liu
– volume: 289
  start-page: 414
  year: 1981
  ident: B89
  article-title: Interferon Action-Sequence Specificity of the ppp(A2′p)nA-dependent Ribonuclease
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/289414a0
  contributor:
    fullname: Wreschner
– volume: 109
  start-page: 17615
  year: 2012
  ident: B4
  article-title: Therapeutic Inhibition of the miR-34 Family Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Remodeling and Improves Heart Function
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206432109
  contributor:
    fullname: Bernardo
– volume: 141
  start-page: 6776
  year: 2019
  ident: B13
  article-title: Targeting RNA with Small Molecules to Capture Opportunities at the Intersection of Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine
  publication-title: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13419
  contributor:
    fullname: Disney
– volume: 325
  start-page: 632
  year: 2021
  ident: B25
  article-title: Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination with Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0202
  contributor:
    fullname: Gottlieb
– volume-title: Molnupiravir, an Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19
  year: 2021
  ident: B16
  doi: 10.1101/2021.06.17.21258639
  contributor:
    fullname: Fischer
– volume-title: bioRxiv
  year: 2020
  ident: B66
  article-title: Comparative Analysis of Coronavirus Genomic RNA Structure Reveals Conservation in SARS-like Coronaviruses
  doi: 10.1101/2020.06.15.153197
  contributor:
    fullname: Sanders
– volume: 206
  start-page: 120
  year: 2015
  ident: B92
  article-title: The Structure and Functions of Coronavirus Genomic 3′ and 5′ Ends
  publication-title: Virus. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.025
  contributor:
    fullname: Yang
– volume: 104
  start-page: 9585
  year: 2007
  ident: B80
  article-title: Small-molecule Activators of RNase L with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0700590104
  contributor:
    fullname: Thakur
– volume: 181
  start-page: 914
  year: 2020
  ident: B36
  article-title: The Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptome
  publication-title: Cell
  doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.011
  contributor:
    fullname: Kim
– volume: 133
  start-page: 10094
  year: 2011
  ident: B59
  article-title: Identification of RNA Pseudoknot-Binding Ligand that Inhibits the −1 Ribosomal Frameshifting of SARS-Coronavirus by Structure-Based Virtual Screening
  publication-title: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1021/ja1098325
  contributor:
    fullname: Park
– volume: 25
  start-page: 1069
  year: 2017
  ident: B73
  article-title: FDA-approved Oligonucleotide Therapies in 2017
  publication-title: Mol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.023
  contributor:
    fullname: Stein
– volume: 6
  start-page: e226
  year: 2008
  ident: B37
  article-title: SARS-coronavirus Replication Is Supported by a Reticulovesicular Network of Modified Endoplasmic Reticulum
  publication-title: Plos Biol.
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226
  contributor:
    fullname: Knoops
– volume: 81
  start-page: 20
  year: 2007
  ident: B67
  article-title: A Contemporary View of Coronavirus Transcription
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01358-06
  contributor:
    fullname: Sawicki
– volume: 26
  start-page: 2263
  ident: B77
  article-title: RNA-targeting Splicing Modifiers: Drug Development and Screening Assays
  publication-title: Molecules
  doi: 10.3390/molecules26082263
  contributor:
    fullname: Tang
– volume: 118
  start-page: e2012201118
  year: 2021
  ident: B85
  article-title: Bepridil Is Potent against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012201118
  contributor:
    fullname: Vatansever
– volume: 78
  start-page: 980
  year: 2004
  ident: B99
  article-title: Sequence Motifs Involved in the Regulation of Discontinuous Coronavirus Subgenomic RNA Synthesis
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.980-994.2004
  contributor:
    fullname: Zúñiga
– volume: 83
  start-page: 104351
  year: 2020
  ident: B82
  article-title: Emergence of Genomic Diversity and Recurrent Mutations in SARS-CoV-2
  publication-title: Infect. Genet. Evol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104351
  contributor:
    fullname: van Dorp
– volume: 95
  start-page: e0066321
  year: 2021
  ident: B46
  article-title: Targeting the Conserved Stem Loop 2 Motif in the SARS-CoV-2 Genome
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.00663-21
  contributor:
    fullname: Lulla
– volume: 6
  start-page: 51
  year: 2018
  ident: B51
  article-title: Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Enhance Delivery of Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics
  publication-title: Biomedicines
  doi: 10.3390/biomedicines6020051
  contributor:
    fullname: McClorey
– volume: 19
  start-page: 2163
  year: 2011
  ident: B54
  article-title: Uptake, Efficacy, and Systemic Distribution of Naked, Inhaled Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) and Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) Antisense
  publication-title: Mol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.206
  contributor:
    fullname: Moschos
– volume: 232
  start-page: 464
  year: 1986
  ident: B11
  article-title: Design of Sequence-specific DNA-Binding Molecules
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.2421408
  contributor:
    fullname: Dervan
– volume: 16
  start-page: 1469
  year: 2021
  ident: B63
  article-title: The SARS-CoV-2 Programmed −1 Ribosomal Frameshifting Element Crystal Structure Solved to 2.09 Å Using Chaperone-Assisted RNA Crystallography
  publication-title: ACS Chem. Biol.
  doi: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00324
  contributor:
    fullname: Roman
– volume: 332
  start-page: 498
  year: 2005
  ident: B2
  article-title: Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting in Decoding the SARS-CoV Genome
  publication-title: Virology
  doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.038
  contributor:
    fullname: Baranov
– volume: 115
  start-page: 12973
  year: 2018
  ident: B69
  article-title: Structural Mechanism for HIV-1 TAR Loop Recognition by Tat and the Super Elongation Complex
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806438115
  contributor:
    fullname: Schulze-Gahmen
– volume: 19
  start-page: 706
  year: 2020
  ident: B58
  article-title: Chemical Diversity of Locked Nucleic Acid-Modified Antisense Oligonucleotides Allows Optimization of Pharmaceutical Properties
  publication-title: Mol. Ther. - Nucleic Acids
  doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.12.011
  contributor:
    fullname: Papargyri
– volume: 24
  start-page: 827
  year: 2019
  ident: B93
  article-title: Evaluation of Off‐target Effects of Gapmer Antisense Oligonucleotides Using Human Cells
  publication-title: Genes Cells
  doi: 10.1111/gtc.12730
  contributor:
    fullname: Yoshida
– volume-title: bioRxiv
  year: 2021
  ident: B97
  article-title: An Intranasal ASO Therapeutic Targeting SARS-CoV-2
  doi: 10.1101/2021.05.17.444397
  contributor:
    fullname: Zhu
– volume: 12
  start-page: 4396
  ident: B40
  article-title: Fully Automated Fast-Flow Synthesis of Antisense Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24598-4
  contributor:
    fullname: Li
– volume: 518
  start-page: 409
  year: 2015
  ident: B52
  article-title: Towards a Therapy for Angelman Syndrome by Targeting a Long Non-coding RNA
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature13975
  contributor:
    fullname: Meng
– year: 2021
  ident: B47
  article-title: MPI8 Is Potent against SARS‐CoV‐2 by Inhibiting Dually and Selectively the SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Protease and the Host Cathepsin L
  publication-title: ChemMedChem
  doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202100456
  contributor:
    fullname: Ma
– volume: 79
  start-page: 710
  year: 2020
  ident: B62
  article-title: Coronavirus RNA Proofreading: Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Targeting
  publication-title: Mol. Cel
  doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.027
  contributor:
    fullname: Robson
– volume: 584
  start-page: 154
  year: 2020
  ident: B32
  article-title: Structure of Replicating SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2368-8
  contributor:
    fullname: Hillen
– volume: 9
  start-page: 2004
  year: 2020
  ident: B12
  article-title: Antisense Oligonucleotides: An Emerging Area in Drug Discovery and Development
  publication-title: J. Clin. Med.
  doi: 10.3390/jcm9062004
  contributor:
    fullname: Dhuri
– volume: 140
  start-page: 6741
  year: 2018
  ident: B8
  article-title: Small Molecule Targeted Recruitment of a Nuclease to RNA
  publication-title: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b01233
  contributor:
    fullname: Costales
– volume: 48
  start-page: 12415
  year: 2020
  ident: B86
  article-title: Secondary Structure Determination of Conserved SARS-CoV-2 RNA Elements by NMR Spectroscopy
  publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res.
  doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1013
  contributor:
    fullname: Wacker
– volume: 76
  start-page: 413
  year: 2021
  ident: B64
  article-title: Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero Cell Cultures by Peptide-Conjugated Morpholino Oligomers
  publication-title: J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
  doi: 10.1093/jac/dkaa460
  contributor:
    fullname: Rosenke
– volume: 118
  start-page: e2023051118
  ident: B76
  article-title: Restriction of SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Targeting Programmed −1 Ribosomal Frameshifting
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2023051118
  contributor:
    fullname: Sun
– volume: 579
  start-page: 265
  year: 2020
  ident: B90
  article-title: A New Coronavirus Associated with Human Respiratory Disease in China
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
  contributor:
    fullname: Wu
– volume: 142
  start-page: 6970
  year: 2020
  ident: B45
  article-title: Targeted Degradation of the Oncogenic MicroRNA 17-92 Cluster by Structure-Targeting Ligands
  publication-title: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b13159
  contributor:
    fullname: Liu
– volume: 372
  start-page: 1306
  year: 2021
  ident: B5
  article-title: Structural Basis of Ribosomal Frameshifting during Translation of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Genome
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.abf3546
  contributor:
    fullname: Bhatt
– volume: 295
  start-page: 10741
  year: 2020
  ident: B35
  article-title: Structural and Functional Conservation of the Programmed −1 Ribosomal Frameshift Signal of SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.013449
  contributor:
    fullname: Kelly
– volume: 12
  start-page: 1473
  year: 2020
  ident: B96
  article-title: The RNA Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 3′-Untranslated Region
  publication-title: Viruses
  doi: 10.3390/v12121473
  contributor:
    fullname: Zhao
– volume: 212
  start-page: 1030
  year: 1981
  ident: B17
  article-title: Interferon Action: RNA Cleavage Pattern of a (2′-5′)Oligoadenylate-dependent Endonuclease
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.6165080
  contributor:
    fullname: Floyd-Smith
– volume: 18
  start-page: 949
  year: 2019
  ident: B68
  article-title: Targeted Protein Degradation: Expanding the Toolbox
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
  doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0047-y
  contributor:
    fullname: Schapira
– volume: 94
  start-page: 3548
  year: 1997
  ident: B28
  article-title: An Inhibitor of the Tat/TAR RNA Interaction that Effectively Suppresses HIV-1 Replication
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3548
  contributor:
    fullname: Hamy
– volume: 16
  start-page: e0250780
  year: 2021
  ident: B83
  article-title: Risk of Rapid Evolutionary Escape from Biomedical Interventions Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250780
  contributor:
    fullname: Van Egeren
– volume: 17
  start-page: 547
  year: 2018
  ident: B88
  article-title: Principles for Targeting RNA with Drug-like Small Molecules
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
  doi: 10.1038/nrd.2018.93
  contributor:
    fullname: Warner
– volume: 25
  start-page: 4429
  year: 1997
  ident: B18
  article-title: The Ups and downs of Nucleic Acid Duplex Stability: Structure-Stability Studies on Chemically-Modified DNA:RNA Duplexes
  publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res.
  doi: 10.1093/nar/25.22.4429
  contributor:
    fullname: Freier
– volume: 26
  start-page: 937
  year: 2020
  ident: B60
  article-title: RNA Genome Conservation and Secondary Structure in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-Related Viruses: a First Look
  publication-title: RNA
  doi: 10.1261/rna.076141.120
  contributor:
    fullname: Rangan
– volume: 56
  start-page: 14744
  year: 2020
  ident: B31
  article-title: Small Molecule-RNA Targeting: Starting with the Fundamentals
  publication-title: Chem. Commun.
  doi: 10.1039/D0CC06796B
  contributor:
    fullname: Hargrove
– volume: 53
  start-page: 1565
  year: 2014
  ident: B1
  article-title: Mechanism of Quinolone Action and Resistance
  publication-title: Biochemistry
  doi: 10.1021/bi5000564
  contributor:
    fullname: Aldred
– volume: 87
  start-page: 46
  year: 2015
  ident: B22
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Cell Uptake of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  publication-title: Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.008
  contributor:
    fullname: Geary
– volume: 324
  start-page: 1026
  year: 2020
  ident: B34
  article-title: Oral Drug Approved for Spinal Muscular Atrophy
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16783
  contributor:
    fullname: Jaklevic
– volume: 1998
  start-page: 455
  year: 1998
  ident: B70
  article-title: LNA (Locked Nucleic Acids): Synthesis and High-Affinity Nucleic Acid Recognition
  publication-title: Chem. Commun.
  doi: 10.1039/a708608c
  contributor:
    fullname: Singh
– volume: 107
  start-page: 12257
  year: 2010
  ident: B91
  article-title: Subgenomic Messenger RNA Amplification in Coronaviruses
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1000378107
  contributor:
    fullname: Wu
– volume: 92
  start-page: 522
  year: 2020
  ident: B6
  article-title: Genomic Variance of the 2019‐nCoV Coronavirus
  publication-title: J. Med. Virol.
  doi: 10.1002/jmv.25700
  contributor:
    fullname: Ceraolo
– volume: 73
  start-page: 529
  year: 2019
  ident: B19
  article-title: Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759
  contributor:
    fullname: Fung
– volume: 16
  start-page: 671
  year: 2017
  ident: B10
  article-title: Inhaled ENaC Antisense Oligonucleotide Ameliorates Cystic Fibrosis-like Lung Disease in Mice
  publication-title: J. Cystic Fibrosis
  doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.05.003
  contributor:
    fullname: Crosby
– volume: 46
  start-page: 5366
  year: 2018
  ident: B26
  article-title: Identifying and Avoiding Off-Target Effects of RNase H-dependent Antisense Oligonucleotides in Mice
  publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res.
  doi: 10.1093/nar/gky397
  contributor:
    fullname: Hagedorn
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1522
  year: 1998
  ident: B56
  article-title: RNase L Dimerization in a Mammalian Two-Hybrid System in Response to 2',5'-oligoadenylates
  publication-title: Nucleic Acids Res.
  doi: 10.1093/nar/26.6.1522
  contributor:
    fullname: Naik
– volume: 60
  start-page: 432
  year: 2021
  ident: B95
  article-title: Targeting RNA G‐Quadruplex in SARS‐CoV‐2: A Promising Therapeutic Target for COVID‐19
  publication-title: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
  doi: 10.1002/ANIE.202011419
  contributor:
    fullname: Zhao
– volume: 28
  start-page: 290
  year: 2021
  ident: B3
  article-title: Gene Editing and RNAi Approaches for COVID-19 Diagnostics and Therapeutics
  publication-title: Gene Ther.
  doi: 10.1038/s41434-020-00209-7
  contributor:
    fullname: Berber
– volume: 17
  start-page: 1747
  year: 2011
  ident: B72
  article-title: A Conserved RNA Pseudoknot in a Putative Molecular Switch Domain of the 3′-untranslated Region of Coronaviruses Is Only Marginally Stable
  publication-title: RNA
  doi: 10.1261/rna.2816711
  contributor:
    fullname: Stammler
– volume: 28
  start-page: 747
  year: 2021
  ident: B94
  article-title: Cryo-EM and Antisense Targeting of the 28-kDa Frameshift Stimulation Element from the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Genome
  publication-title: Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.
  doi: 10.1038/s41594-021-00653-y
  contributor:
    fullname: Zhang
– volume: 26
  start-page: 2263
  ident: B78
  article-title: RNA-targeting Splicing Modifiers: Drug Development and Screening Assays
  publication-title: Molecules
  doi: 10.3390/molecules26082263
  contributor:
    fullname: Tang
– volume: 279
  start-page: 1123
  year: 2004
  ident: B41
  article-title: An Apoptotic Signaling Pathway in the Interferon Antiviral Response Mediated by RNase L and C-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.M305893200
  contributor:
    fullname: Li
– volume: 4
  start-page: 1365
  year: 1990
  ident: B65
  article-title: A Bulge Structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA Is Required for Tat Binding and Tat-Mediated Trans-activation
  publication-title: Genes Dev.
  doi: 10.1101/GAD.4.8.1365
  contributor:
    fullname: Roy
– volume: 49
  start-page: 7252
  year: 2020
  ident: B81
  article-title: Design of Small Molecules Targeting RNA Structure from Sequence
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1039/d0cs00455c
  contributor:
    fullname: Ursu
– volume: 4
  start-page: 3245
  year: 2012
  ident: B27
  article-title: Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus Replicative Structures
  publication-title: Viruses
  doi: 10.3390/v4113245
  contributor:
    fullname: Hagemeijer
– volume: 3
  start-page: 277
  year: 1993
  ident: B79
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Stability of Capped Oligodeoxynucleotide Phosphorothioates in Mice
  publication-title: Antisense Res. Dev.
  doi: 10.1089/ard.1993.3.277
  contributor:
    fullname: Temsamani
– volume: 14
  start-page: 1073
  year: 2018
  ident: B15
  article-title: Small Molecules that Target Group II Introns Are Potent Antifungal Agents
  publication-title: Nat. Chem. Biol.
  doi: 10.1038/s41589-018-0142-0
  contributor:
    fullname: Fedorova
– volume: 49
  start-page: 7167
  year: 2020
  ident: B53
  article-title: Small Molecule Recognition of Disease-Relevant RNA Structures
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1039/d0cs00560f
  contributor:
    fullname: Meyer
– volume: 107
  start-page: 10737
  year: 2010
  ident: B20
  article-title: Inhibition of Lung Tumor Growth by Complex Pulmonary Delivery of Drugs with Oligonucleotides as Suppressors of Cellular Resistance
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1004604107
  contributor:
    fullname: Garbuzenko
– volume: 77
  start-page: 262
  year: 2020
  ident: B49
  article-title: SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza: a Comparative Overview and Treatment Implications
  publication-title: Boletín Médico Del. Hosp. Infantil de México
  doi: 10.24875/BMHIM.20000183
  contributor:
    fullname: Manzanares-Meza
– volume: 80
  start-page: 1067
  year: 2020
  ident: B98
  article-title: The Short- and Long-Range RNA-RNA Interactome of SARS-CoV-2
  publication-title: Mol. Cel
  doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.004
  contributor:
    fullname: Ziv
– volume: 395
  start-page: 1569
  year: 2020
  ident: B87
  article-title: Remdesivir in Adults with Severe COVID-19: a Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Trial
  publication-title: The Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
  contributor:
    fullname: Wang
– volume: 117
  start-page: 2406
  year: 2020
  ident: B7
  article-title: Small-molecule Targeted Recruitment of a Nuclease to Cleave an Oncogenic RNA in a Mouse Model of Metastatic Cancer
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1914286117
  contributor:
    fullname: Costales
– volume: 77
  start-page: 7890
  year: 2003
  ident: B14
  article-title: Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Packaging Signal Is Located at the 5′ End of the Virus Genome
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.14.7890-7902.2003
  contributor:
    fullname: Escors
– volume: 81
  start-page: 1274
  year: 2007
  ident: B24
  article-title: A Hypervariable Region within the 3′ Cis -Acting Element of the Murine Coronavirus Genome Is Nonessential for RNA Synthesis but Affects Pathogenesis
  publication-title: J. Virol.
  doi: 10.1128/JVI.00803-06
  contributor:
    fullname: Goebel
SSID ssj0001213420
Score 2.3713253
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet The ongoing COVID-19/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a significant threat to public health and has hugely impacted...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
pubmed
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
StartPage 802766
SubjectTerms antisense oligonucleotide
antiviral
Chemistry
RNA-targeting
SARS-CoV-2
small molecule
untranslated region
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV07T8MwELZQF1gQb8pLRmJCMk39aJyxVKCCRIcWEJtlx7bokiLRDvx77pwWWoTEQsbEka3vEt939vk7Qi5CdApmPcVkEI7JUnimgVgwq32mQ9vbWOBB4YdBp_8k71_Uy1KpL8wJq-WBa-BaykoReRG16AjJc6tjdNEJ6SLX6OzS7JvxpWCqXl1pQ-v5NiZEYUUrAgZ48py3rzSEYkkV8dsRJb3-30jmz1zJJedzu0U256yRduvRbpO1UO2Q9d6iWNsuGd5Vr2OX0q_oJNJRdzhivckz49R90MeU7Q0-imJ5Tkxx9PR5DN3Q4aBLR0lBdgZhN7WVp6NFbvUeebq9eez12bxcAitlR01ZEZyS3OZcaVsA6ijlFdqF9jrPHWrcFDxGJbxWZeaBF2Q-hOhtGcA_iRJ-xn3SqCZVOCTUlYFLB0ylDFbiXqTOXal0ETOHgvRZk1wusDNvtSqGgWgCgTYJaINAmxroJrlGdL8aoqB1ugFmNnMzm7_M3CTnC9sYgBZ3NWwVJrN3AyEgsEYJRKVJDmpbfXUlVDp8C2_nK1ZcGcvqk2r8mkS2dS7g4kf_MfhjsoF4YBYMFyekAXYNp8Blpu4sfbafcUPxEQ
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: Scholars Portal Open Access Journals
  dbid: M48
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwEB6VcoAL4s3ykpE4Iblk_UicA0LLiqogtYfdbtWbZcd2uxJKoA-J_ntmnKRi0R7JMYll55s48008_gbgfUxe41dPcxWl56qRgRskFtyZUJg4DS7VtFH48Kg8WKnvp_p0B8byVgOAl1tDO6ontbr4sff7181nnPCfKOJEf_sx4ePRpnIx3TMYZZXlHbgr0DFShtfhwPb7Xy5TqcSwtrm95YZ3yiL-25jnvwmUf3mk_YfwYKCSbNbb_hHsxPYx3JuPFdyewOJbe772OSeLdYktZ4sln3cnXDB_w45zCjg6LkY1OynvMbCTNXbDFkcztsyystcYizPXBrYcE66fwmr_6_H8gA81FHijSn3F6-i1Eq4S2rgaTUH6XnFam2CqypPwTS1S0jIY3RQByUIRYkzBNRGdlmxwhj6D3bZr4wtgvolCeaQvTXSKFihN5Rtt6lR4UqkvJvBhxM7-7KUyLIYYBLTNQFsC2vZAT-ALoXt7I6lc5xPdxZkdJo3VTskk6mRkiYarnEnJJy-VT8IQ0ZnAu9E2FqGlpQ7Xxu760mJciFRSIXuZwPPeVrddSZ135GLrasOKG2PZvNKuz7PytqkkHuLl_xj8K7hPeFBqjJCvYRftGt8gwbnyb_Nr-wd4p_mB
  priority: 102
  providerName: Scholars Portal
Title Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting Conserved Viral RNA Structures and Sequences
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35004621
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2618514812
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8733332
https://doaj.org/article/5a43f29f8363427a8ffbfb34bf285091
Volume 9
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwEB61vcAF0fIKlMpInJC8m_ixcY7LiqogbYV226o3y0-6Ek0qaA_8e8ZOUnVRT-SQQx6y842T-Sb-ZgzwMUQr8asnqQjcUuG4pwqJBTXKlypU3sQmJQovT2cn5-LbpbzcATnmwmTRvrObSfvzetJurrK28ubaTUed2PT7cqFqjhub7sIuut8HIXr_Y6Xigg0zmBiANdOIj5-Szlk1URiFzdKyRVzmtMxqyx3lqv2PUc1_FZMPXNDxc3g2cEcy7_u4DzuhPYAni3HJthew-tpebWwWYZEukvV8taaL7oIyYv-Qs6z5Rk9F0iKdSejoycUGmyGr0zlZ5zqydxh8E9N6sh4V1i_h_PjL2eKEDosmUCdm8pY2wUrBTM2kMg1inwp6hapRXtW1TZVuGhaj5F5JV3pkB6UPIXrjAnop7vCVfAV7bdeGN0CsC0xY5CsuGJFmJFVtnVRNLG0qS18W8GnETt_0tTE0xhQJc50x1wlz3WNewOeE7v2Fqax1PtD9-qEH42ppBI-siYrP0Ia1UTHaaLmwkanEbAr4MNpGI7RpbsO0obv7rTEQRO4okK4U8Lq31X1To60LqLesuNWX7TM48nKp7WGkvf3vO9_B0wRCEsAwfgh7aMzwHmnMrT3K4T_ul0Id5SH8F7AK84E
link.rule.ids 230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,24318,27924,27925,53791,53793
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9NAEB6VcigXxBvzXCROSE7sfcTrY4ioUmgilKRVb6t9tpGoXUF74N8zu7arBnHCRz-0q2_Wnm-838wAfPTBCPzqiZx7ZnJumcslEotcS1dIXzod6pgovFhO5if865k42wMx5MIk0b4121Hz43LUbC-StvLq0o4Hndj4-2ImK4YHHd-D-4JVdXknSO9-rZSM034PE0OwehwQgJh2TsuRxDhsEhsXMZESM8sdh5Tq9v-LbP6tmbzjhA4fwcOePZJpN8vHsOebJ3AwG5q2PYXVUXOxNUmGRdpA1tPVOp-1pzkl5jfZJNU3-ioS23RGqaMjp1schqyWU7JOlWRvMPwmunFkPWisn8HJ4ZfNbJ73bRNyyyfiOq-9EZzqigqpa0Q_lvTyZS2drCoTa93UNATBnBS2cMgPCud9cNp69FPM4kv5HPabtvEvgRjrKTfIWKzXPO5JyspYIetQmFiYvsjg04CduuqqYyiMKiLmKmGuIuaqwzyDzxHd2xtjYet0ov15rnrzKqE5C7QOkk3QhpWWIZhgGDeByshtMvgw2EYhtHF3Qze-vfmlMBRE9siRsGTworPV7VCDrTOodqy4M5fdK7j2UrHtfq29-u8n38PBfLM4VsdHy2-v4UEEJMphKHsD-2hY_xZJzbV5l5bwHzG29Qc
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELagSMAFlVcJtGAkTkjeJH5snOOyZdUCXVW7bdWb5SddiSYraA_8e8ZOUu0iTuSYh2x9M8l8E3-eQeiDD0bAV08Q7pkh3DJHJBALoqUrpC-dDnXcKHwyHx-d8y-X4nKj1VcS7VuzGjU_rkfN6ippK9fXNh90YvnpyVRWDA6ar13I76MHgoGTbSTq3e-VknHar2NCGlbnAUCIW89pOZKQi41j8yIm0ubMcisopdr9_yKcf-smNwLRbBc96RkknnQzfYru-eYZejQdGrc9R4vj5mplkhQLtwEvJ4slmbYXhGLzG58l5TfEKxxbdUa5o8MXKxgGL-YTvEzVZG8hBce6cXg56KxfoPPZ57PpEelbJxDLx-KG1N4ITnVFhdQ1WCCW9fJlLZ2sKhPr3dQ0BMGcFLZwwBEK531w2nqIVczCi_kS7TRt418hbKyn3ABrsV7zuC4pK2OFrENhYnH6IkMfB-zUuquQoSCziJirhLmKmKsO8wx9iuje3RiLW6cT7c_vqjexEpqzQOsg2RhsWGkZggmGcROojPwmQ-8H2yiANq5w6Ma3t78UpIPAIDmQlgztdba6G2qwdYaqLStuzWX7CvhfKrjd-9vr_37yHXp4ejhT347nX9-gxxGPqIihbB_tgF39AfCaG_M2efAfwH72Gg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+SARS-CoV-2+by+Targeting+Conserved+Viral+RNA+Structures+and+Sequences&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+chemistry&rft.au=Shalakha+Hegde&rft.au=Zhichao+Tang&rft.au=Junxing+Zhao&rft.au=Jingxin+Wang&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft.pub=Frontiers+Media+S.A&rft.eissn=2296-2646&rft.volume=9&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffchem.2021.802766&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_5a43f29f8363427a8ffbfb34bf285091
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2296-2646&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2296-2646&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2296-2646&client=summon