Neural correlates of trait anxiety in fear extinction
Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulat...
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Published in | Psychological medicine Vol. 41; no. 4; pp. 789 - 798 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Press
01.04.2011
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction.
Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety.
Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses.
This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. |
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AbstractList | Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction. Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety. Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses. This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsitivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction. Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety. Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses. This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. Background. Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction. Method. Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety. Results. Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses. Conclusions. This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsitivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. Adapted from the source document. Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction.BACKGROUNDFear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction.Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety.METHODThirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety.Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses.RESULTSAnalysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses.This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.CONCLUSIONSThis study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. Background: Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction. Method: Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety. Results: Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses. Conclusions: This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsitivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
Author | Sehlmeyer, C. Pyka, M. Schöning, S. Pfleiderer, B. Zwitserlood, P. Schiffbauer, H. Kugel, H. Heindel, W. Konrad, C. Dannlowski, U. Arolt, V. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Sehlmeyer fullname: Sehlmeyer, C. organization: 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: U. surname: Dannlowski fullname: Dannlowski, U. organization: 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: S. surname: Schöning fullname: Schöning, S. organization: 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: H. surname: Kugel fullname: Kugel, H. organization: 3Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: M. surname: Pyka fullname: Pyka, M. organization: 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 6 givenname: B. surname: Pfleiderer fullname: Pfleiderer, B. organization: 3Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: P. surname: Zwitserlood fullname: Zwitserlood, P. organization: 4Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 8 givenname: H. surname: Schiffbauer fullname: Schiffbauer, H. organization: 3Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: W. surname: Heindel fullname: Heindel, W. organization: 3Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 10 givenname: V. surname: Arolt fullname: Arolt, V. organization: 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: C. surname: Konrad fullname: Konrad, C. email: Carsten.Konrad@med.uni-marburg.de organization: 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany |
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DocumentTitleAlternate | Trait anxiety and fear extinction C. Sehlmeyer et al. |
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Keywords | ACC amygdala extinction trait anxiety conditioning fear Human Affect affectivity Amygdala Healthy subject Extinction Central nervous system Basal ganglion Emotion emotionality Personality Experimental study Metabolism Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging Encephalon Fear Young adult Anxiety Conditioning Amygdaloid nucleus Functional imaging |
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Snippet | Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory... Background: Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the... Background. Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the... |
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SubjectTerms | Adult Affectivity. Emotion Amygdala - physiopathology Anxiety Anxiety - physiopathology Anxiety - psychology Arousal - physiology Biological and medical sciences Brain Brain Mapping Conditioning Conditioning, Classical - physiology Cortex Extinction Extinction, Psychological - physiology Fear Fear & phobias Fear - physiology Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gyrus Cinguli - physiopathology Human Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Learning. Memory Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Nerve Net - physiopathology NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Oxygen - blood Personality Inventory Personality. Affectivity Prefrontal Cortex - physiopathology Psychological extinction Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Temperament - physiology Trait anxiety Young Adult |
Title | Neural correlates of trait anxiety in fear extinction |
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