Contribution of Sex Differences to HIV Immunology, Pathogenesis, and Cure Approaches

Approximately 38 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020 and 53% of those infected were female. A variety of virological and immunological sex-associated differences (sexual dimorphism) in HIV infection have been recognized in males versus females. Social, behavior...

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Published inFrontiers in immunology Vol. 13; p. 905773
Main Authors Moran, Jose A, Turner, Shireen R, Marsden, Matthew D
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 25.05.2022
Subjects
Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use
cure
Female
HIV
HIV Infections
Humans
Immunology
latency
Male
pathogenesis
persistence
Sex Characteristics
sex differences
pathogenesis
HIV
latency
persistence
cure
sex differences
sexual dimorphism
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Abstract Approximately 38 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020 and 53% of those infected were female. A variety of virological and immunological sex-associated differences (sexual dimorphism) in HIV infection have been recognized in males versus females. Social, behavioral, and societal influences play an important role in how the HIV pandemic has affected men and women differently. However, biological factors including anatomical, physiologic, hormonal, and genetic differences in sex chromosomes can each contribute to the distinct characteristics of HIV infection observed in males versus females. One striking example of this is the tendency for women to have lower HIV plasma viral loads than their male counterparts early in infection, though both progress to AIDS at similar rates. Sex differences in acquisition of HIV, innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses, efficacy/suitability of specific antiretroviral drugs, and viral pathogenesis have all been identified. Sex differences also have the potential to affect viral persistence, latency, and cure approaches. In this brief review, we summarize the major biological male/female sex differences in HIV infection and their importance to viral acquisition, pathogenesis, treatment, and cure efforts.
AbstractList Approximately 38 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020 and 53% of those infected were female. A variety of virological and immunological sex-associated differences (sexual dimorphism) in HIV infection have been recognized in males versus females. Social, behavioral, and societal influences play an important role in how the HIV pandemic has affected men and women differently. However, biological factors including anatomical, physiologic, hormonal, and genetic differences in sex chromosomes can each contribute to the distinct characteristics of HIV infection observed in males versus females. One striking example of this is the tendency for women to have lower HIV plasma viral loads than their male counterparts early in infection, though both progress to AIDS at similar rates. Sex differences in acquisition of HIV, innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses, efficacy/suitability of specific antiretroviral drugs, and viral pathogenesis have all been identified. Sex differences also have the potential to affect viral persistence, latency, and cure approaches. In this brief review, we summarize the major biological male/female sex differences in HIV infection and their importance to viral acquisition, pathogenesis, treatment, and cure efforts.
Approximately 38 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020 and 53% of those infected were female. A variety of virological and immunological sex-associated differences (sexual dimorphism) in HIV infection have been recognized in males versus females. Social, behavioral, and societal influences play an important role in how the HIV pandemic has affected men and women differently. However, biological factors including anatomical, physiologic, hormonal, and genetic differences in sex chromosomes can each contribute to the distinct characteristics of HIV infection observed in males versus females. One striking example of this is the tendency for women to have lower HIV plasma viral loads than their male counterparts early in infection, though both progress to AIDS at similar rates. Sex differences in acquisition of HIV, innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses, efficacy/suitability of specific antiretroviral drugs, and viral pathogenesis have all been identified. Sex differences also have the potential to affect viral persistence, latency, and cure approaches. In this brief review, we summarize the major biological male/female sex differences in HIV infection and their importance to viral acquisition, pathogenesis, treatment, and cure efforts.Approximately 38 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020 and 53% of those infected were female. A variety of virological and immunological sex-associated differences (sexual dimorphism) in HIV infection have been recognized in males versus females. Social, behavioral, and societal influences play an important role in how the HIV pandemic has affected men and women differently. However, biological factors including anatomical, physiologic, hormonal, and genetic differences in sex chromosomes can each contribute to the distinct characteristics of HIV infection observed in males versus females. One striking example of this is the tendency for women to have lower HIV plasma viral loads than their male counterparts early in infection, though both progress to AIDS at similar rates. Sex differences in acquisition of HIV, innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses, efficacy/suitability of specific antiretroviral drugs, and viral pathogenesis have all been identified. Sex differences also have the potential to affect viral persistence, latency, and cure approaches. In this brief review, we summarize the major biological male/female sex differences in HIV infection and their importance to viral acquisition, pathogenesis, treatment, and cure efforts.
Author Marsden, Matthew D
Turner, Shireen R
Moran, Jose A
AuthorAffiliation 2 Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA , United States
1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA , United States
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA , United States
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  givenname: Matthew D
  surname: Marsden
  fullname: Marsden, Matthew D
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Keywords pathogenesis
HIV
latency
persistence
cure
sex differences
sexual dimorphism
Language English
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Reviewed by: Andrea Introini, Humanitas Research Hospital, Italy
This article was submitted to Viral Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
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Snippet Approximately 38 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020 and 53% of those infected were female. A variety of virological and...
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StartPage 905773
SubjectTerms Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use
cure
Female
HIV
HIV Infections
Humans
Immunology
latency
Male
pathogenesis
persistence
Sex Characteristics
sex differences
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Title Contribution of Sex Differences to HIV Immunology, Pathogenesis, and Cure Approaches
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Volume 13
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