Spatio–Environmental Analysis of Vespula germanica Nest Records Explains Slow Invasion in South Africa

Investigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the most widely distributed of all the invasive Vespids, which in the Southern Hemisphere typically have large extensive invasive populations. In...

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Published inInsects (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 12; no. 8; p. 732
Main Authors Veldtman, Ruan, Daly, Derek, Bekker, Gerard F. H. v. G.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 16.08.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Annual rainfall
Climate change
Climatic conditions
Environmental conditions
Geographic information systems
Habitats
Introduced species
Invasions
Invasive insects
Invasive species
Mediterranean climate
Moisture
Moisture availability
Moisture index
Moisture stress
Nesting
Nests
Nonnative species
optimised hot spot analysis
Public awareness
Rainfall
Remote sensing
Rivers
social wasps
Southern Hemisphere
Summer
Urban areas
Vespula germanica
New Zealand
South Africa
Argentina
Australia
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Abstract Investigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the most widely distributed of all the invasive Vespids, which in the Southern Hemisphere typically have large extensive invasive populations. In contrast, the invasion into South Africa has been slow and is still confined to a small geographic area. Here we analyse the distribution of all recent nest records in South Africa (n = 405). The distance to main rivers, mean annual rainfall, summer normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) values, and mean annual temperatures (average, minimum, maximum, and summer maximum temperature) was measured for every nest. We find that value ranges of these variables are different between the value ranges recorded for nests, the general distribution area of the wasp, and the area of absence. Optimised Hot Spot Analysis was used to quantify spatial structure in the measured climatic variables. Generally, factors related to moisture stress set the environmental limits of V. germanica’s landscape distribution. Due to the strong preference of nesting sites close to river courses, for higher rainfall conditions, medium to medium-high NDMI values, and lower mean annual temperatures, it is unlikely that V. germanica will be able to spread uniformly where it is currently found in South Africa.
AbstractList Simple SummarySocial wasp invasions can spread quickly and have serious impacts if they reach new regions with favourable climatic conditions. However, in areas less suitable to them, invasion patterns can show factors that may prevent their spread. We use nest records of the German wasp from the southern tip of South Africa, to map and analyse what habitats they seem to prefer. Factors investigated included temperature, rainfall, and moisture availability. We find that this invasive wasp prefers moister and cooler conditions, and because these habitats are patchy in the region they have invaded in South Africa, they can only spread slowly unassisted, and utmost between 50 and 200 km with the assistance of humans. This is the likely reason for the very slow invasion seen in South Africa. The spatial patterns we quantify here make it possible to use a remote-sensing approach to determine the suitability of an area for future invasions. Predicting the likelihood of invasions will greatly aid management actions. Public awareness around the potential accidental transport of the German wasp and similar species should also be undertaken.AbstractInvestigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the most widely distributed of all the invasive Vespids, which in the Southern Hemisphere typically have large extensive invasive populations. In contrast, the invasion into South Africa has been slow and is still confined to a small geographic area. Here we analyse the distribution of all recent nest records in South Africa (n = 405). The distance to main rivers, mean annual rainfall, summer normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) values, and mean annual temperatures (average, minimum, maximum, and summer maximum temperature) was measured for every nest. We find that value ranges of these variables are different between the value ranges recorded for nests, the general distribution area of the wasp, and the area of absence. Optimised Hot Spot Analysis was used to quantify spatial structure in the measured climatic variables. Generally, factors related to moisture stress set the environmental limits of V. germanica’s landscape distribution. Due to the strong preference of nesting sites close to river courses, for higher rainfall conditions, medium to medium-high NDMI values, and lower mean annual temperatures, it is unlikely that V. germanica will be able to spread uniformly where it is currently found in South Africa.
Investigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the most widely distributed of all the invasive Vespids, which in the Southern Hemisphere typically have large extensive invasive populations. In contrast, the invasion into South Africa has been slow and is still confined to a small geographic area. Here we analyse the distribution of all recent nest records in South Africa (n = 405). The distance to main rivers, mean annual rainfall, summer normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) values, and mean annual temperatures (average, minimum, maximum, and summer maximum temperature) was measured for every nest. We find that value ranges of these variables are different between the value ranges recorded for nests, the general distribution area of the wasp, and the area of absence. Optimised Hot Spot Analysis was used to quantify spatial structure in the measured climatic variables. Generally, factors related to moisture stress set the environmental limits of V. germanica’s landscape distribution. Due to the strong preference of nesting sites close to river courses, for higher rainfall conditions, medium to medium-high NDMI values, and lower mean annual temperatures, it is unlikely that V. germanica will be able to spread uniformly where it is currently found in South Africa.
Author Veldtman, Ruan
Bekker, Gerard F. H. v. G.
Daly, Derek
AuthorAffiliation 2 Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; gulu@sun.ac.za
1 South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; drderekdaly@yahoo.co.uk
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; gulu@sun.ac.za
– name: 1 South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa; drderekdaly@yahoo.co.uk
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  givenname: Ruan
  surname: Veldtman
  fullname: Veldtman, Ruan
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Derek
  surname: Daly
  fullname: Daly, Derek
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Gerard F. H. v. G.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6930-1483
  surname: Bekker
  fullname: Bekker, Gerard F. H. v. G.
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Copyright_xml – notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Snippet Investigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the...
Simple SummarySocial wasp invasions can spread quickly and have serious impacts if they reach new regions with favourable climatic conditions. However, in...
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SourceType Open Website
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StartPage 732
SubjectTerms Annual rainfall
Climate change
Climatic conditions
Environmental conditions
Geographic information systems
Habitats
Introduced species
Invasions
Invasive insects
Invasive species
Mediterranean climate
Moisture
Moisture availability
Moisture index
Moisture stress
Nesting
Nests
Nonnative species
optimised hot spot analysis
Public awareness
Rainfall
Remote sensing
Rivers
social wasps
Southern Hemisphere
Summer
Urban areas
Vespula germanica
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Title Spatio–Environmental Analysis of Vespula germanica Nest Records Explains Slow Invasion in South Africa
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