Sex, Reproductive Status, and Cost of Tail Autotomy via Decreased Running Speed in Lizards
Autotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs, including impaired future escape ability. Reduced sprint speed is a major escape cost in some lizards. We predicted that tail loss causes decreased...
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| Published in | Ethology Vol. 115; no. 1; pp. 7 - 13 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
2009
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0179-1613 1439-0310 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01575.x |
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| Abstract | Autotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs, including impaired future escape ability. Reduced sprint speed is a major escape cost in some lizards. We predicted that tail loss causes decreased speed in males and previtellogenic females, but not vitellogenic females already slowed by mass gain. In the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus, adults of both sexes are subject to autotomy, and females undergo large increases in body condition (mass/length) during vitellogenesis. Time required for running 1 m was similar in intact autotomized males and previtellogenic females, but increased by nearly half after autotomy. Vitellogenic females were slower than other lizards when intact, but their speed was unaffected by autotomy. Following autotomy, speeds of all groups were similar. Thus, speed costs of autotomy vary with sex and reproductive condition: decreased running speed is not a cost of autotomy in vitellogenic females or presumably gravid females. Costs of autotomy are more complex than previously known. Speed and other costs might interact in unforseen ways, making it difficult to predict whether strategies to compensate for diminished escape ability differ with reproductive condition in females. |
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| AbstractList | Autotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs, including impaired future escape ability. Reduced sprint speed is a major escape cost in some lizards. We predicted that tail loss causes decreased speed in males and previtellogenic females, but not vitellogenic females already slowed by mass gain. In the striped plateau lizard,
Sceloporus virgatus
, adults of both sexes are subject to autotomy, and females undergo large increases in body condition (mass/length) during vitellogenesis. Time required for running 1 m was similar in intact autotomized males and previtellogenic females, but increased by nearly half after autotomy. Vitellogenic females were slower than other lizards when intact, but their speed was unaffected by autotomy. Following autotomy, speeds of all groups were similar. Thus, speed costs of autotomy vary with sex and reproductive condition: decreased running speed is not a cost of autotomy in vitellogenic females or presumably gravid females. Costs of autotomy are more complex than previously known. Speed and other costs might interact in unforseen ways, making it difficult to predict whether strategies to compensate for diminished escape ability differ with reproductive condition in females. Autotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs, including impaired future escape ability. Reduced sprint speed is a major escape cost in some lizards. We predicted that tail loss causes decreased speed in males and previtellogenic females, but not vitellogenic females already slowed by mass gain. In the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus, adults of both sexes are subject to autotomy, and females undergo large increases in body condition (mass/length) during vitellogenesis. Time required for running 1 m was similar in intact autotomized males and previtellogenic females, but increased by nearly half after autotomy. Vitellogenic females were slower than other lizards when intact, but their speed was unaffected by autotomy. Following autotomy, speeds of all groups were similar. Thus, speed costs of autotomy vary with sex and reproductive condition: decreased running speed is not a cost of autotomy in vitellogenic females or presumably gravid females. Costs of autotomy are more complex than previously known. Speed and other costs might interact in unforseen ways, making it difficult to predict whether strategies to compensate for diminished escape ability differ with reproductive condition in females. Autotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs, including impaired future escape ability. Reduced sprint speed is a major escape cost in some lizards. We predicted that tail loss causes decreased speed in males and previtellogenic females, but not vitellogenic females already slowed by mass gain. In the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus, adults of both sexes are subject to autotomy, and females undergo large increases in body condition (mass/length) during vitellogenesis. Time required for running 1 m was similar in intact autotomized males and previtellogenic females, but increased by nearly half after autotomy. Vitellogenic females were slower than other lizards when intact, but their speed was unaffected by autotomy. Following autotomy, speeds of all groups were similar. Thus, speed costs of autotomy vary with sex and reproductive condition: decreased running speed is not a cost of autotomy in vitellogenic females or presumably gravid females. Costs of autotomy are more complex than previously known. Speed and other costs might interact in unforseen ways, making it difficult to predict whether strategies to compensate for diminished escape ability differ with reproductive condition in females. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] AbstractAutotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs, including impaired future escape ability. Reduced sprint speed is a major escape cost in some lizards. We predicted that tail loss causes decreased speed in males and previtellogenic females, but not vitellogenic females already slowed by mass gain. In the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus, adults of both sexes are subject to autotomy, and females undergo large increases in body condition (mass/length) during vitellogenesis. Time required for running 1m was similar in intact autotomized males and previtellogenic females, but increased by nearly half after autotomy. Vitellogenic females were slower than other lizards when intact, but their speed was unaffected by autotomy. Following autotomy, speeds of all groups were similar. Thus, speed costs of autotomy vary with sex and reproductive condition: decreased running speed is not a cost of autotomy in vitellogenic females or presumably gravid females. Costs of autotomy are more complex than previously known. Speed and other costs might interact in unforseen ways, making it difficult to predict whether strategies to compensate for diminished escape ability differ with reproductive condition in females. |
| Author | Wilson, Dawn S. Smith, Geoffrey R. Cooper Jr, William E. |
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| References | Shine, R. 2003: Effects of pregnancy on locomotor performance: an experimental study on lizards. Oecologia 136, 450-456. Clark, C. W. 1994: Antipredator behavior and the asset-protection principle. Behav. Ecol. 5, 159-170. Ballinger, R. E., Nietfeldt, J. W. & Krupa, J. J. 1979: An experimental analysis of the role of the tail in attaining high running speed in Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Reptilia: Squamata: Lacertilia). Herpetologica 35, 114-116. Cooper, W. E. Jr & Wilson, D. S. 2008: How to stay alive after losing your tail. Behaviour 145, 552-555. Vitt, L. J., Congdon, J. D. & Dickson, N. A. 1977: Adaptive strategies and energetics of tail autotomy in lizards. Ecology 58, 326-337. Wells, K. D. 2007: The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Cooper, W. E. Jr & Frederick, W. G. 2007: Optimal flight initiation distance. J. Theor. Biol. 244, 59-67. Bauwens, D. & Thoen, C. 1981: Escape tactics and vulnerability to predation associated with reproduction in the lizard Lacerta vivipara. J. Anim. Ecol. 50, 733-743. Cooper, W. E. Jr 2007: Compensatory changes in escape and refuge use following autotomy in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus. Can. J. Zool. 85, 99-107. Fleming, P. A., Muller, D. & Bateman, P. W. 2007: Leave it all behind: a taxonomic perspective of autotomy in invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 82, 481-510. Fox, S. F. & Rostker, M. A. 1982: Social cost of tail loss in Uta stansburiana. Science 218, 692-693. Schwarzkopf, L. & Shine, R. 1992: Costs of reproduction in lizards: escape tactics and susceptibility to predation. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31, 17-25. Daniels, C. B. 1983: Running: an escape strategy enhanced by autotomy. Herpetologica 39, 162-165. Wilson, R. S. & Booth, D. T. 1998: Effect of tail loss on reproductive output and its ecological significance in the skink Eulamprus quoyii. J. Herpetol. 32, 128-131. Punzo, F. 1982: Tail autotomy and running speed in the lizards Cophosaurus texanus and Uma notata. J. Herpetol. 16, 329-331. Smith, G. R. 1996b: Correlates of approach distance in the striped plateau lizard (Sceloporus virgatus). Herpetol. J. 6, 56-58. Formanowicz, D. R. Jr, Brodie, E. D. Jr & Bradley, P. J. 1990: Behavioral compensation for tail loss in the ground skink, Scincella lateralis. Anim. Behav. 40, 782-784. Cooper, W. E. Jr, Vitt, L. J., Caldwell, J. P. & Fox, S. F. 2001: Foraging modes of some American lizards: relationships among measurement variables and discreteness of modes. Herpetologica 57, 65-76. Daniels, C. B. 1984: The importance of caudal lipid in the gecko Phyllodactylus marmoratus. Herpetologica 40, 337-344. Downes, S. & Shine, R. 2001: Why does tail loss increase a lizard's later vulnerability to snake predators? Ecology 82, 1293-1303. Cooper, W. E. Jr, Vitt, L. J., Hedges, R. & Huey, R. B. 1990: Locomotor impairment and defense in gravid lizards (Eumeces laticeps): Behavioral shift in activity may offset costs of reproduction in an active forager. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27, 153-157. Shine, R. 1980: "Costs" of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologia (Berl.) 46, 92-100. Fox, S. F., Heger, N. A. & Delay, L. S. 1990: Social cost of tail loss in Uta stansburiana: lizard tails as status-signalling badges. Anim. Behav. 39, 549-554. Kelt, D. A., Nabors, L. K. & Forister, M. L. 2002: Size-specific differences in tail loss and escape behavior in Liiolaemus nigromaculatus. J. Herpetol. 36, 322-325. Vinegar, M. B. 1975: Demography of the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Ecology 56, 172-182. Chapple, D. G. & Swain, R. 2002: Effect of caudal autotomy on locomotor performance in a viviparous skink, Niveoscincus metallicus. Funct. Ecol. 16, 817-825. Cohen, J. 1992: A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155-159. Vitt, L. J. & Price, H. J. 1982: Ecological and evolutionary determinants of relative clutch mass in lizards. Herpetologica 38, 237-255. Caro, T. M. 2005: Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Smith, G. R. 1996a: Tail loss in the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. J. Herpetol. 30, 552-555. 2002; 16 1984; 40 2007; 244 2002; 36 1979; 35 1982; 16 1982; 38 1996a; 30 1990; 39 1980; 46 1975; 56 2007 2005 2008; 145 1983; 39 1992; 31 2003; 136 1990; 40 2001; 82 1982; 218 1990; 27 1977; 58 1992; 112 1996b; 6 2007; 82 2007; 85 1981; 50 2001; 57 1998; 32 1994; 5 1988 Cooper W. E. (e_1_2_6_13_1) 2001; 57 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 Caro T. M. (e_1_2_6_5_1) 2005 Arnold E. N. (e_1_2_6_2_1) 1988 e_1_2_6_19_1 Dunham A. E. (e_1_2_6_17_1) 1988 Ballinger R. E. (e_1_2_6_3_1) 1979; 35 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 Vitt L. J. (e_1_2_6_30_1) 1982; 38 e_1_2_6_21_1 Daniels C. B. (e_1_2_6_14_1) 1983; 39 e_1_2_6_20_1 Smith G. R. (e_1_2_6_28_1) 1996; 6 Daniels C. B. (e_1_2_6_15_1) 1984; 40 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Vitt, L. J., Congdon, J. D. & Dickson, N. A. 1977: Adaptive strategies and energetics of tail autotomy in lizards. Ecology 58, 326-337. – reference: Caro, T. M. 2005: Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. – reference: Vitt, L. J. & Price, H. J. 1982: Ecological and evolutionary determinants of relative clutch mass in lizards. Herpetologica 38, 237-255. – reference: Cooper, W. E. Jr & Wilson, D. S. 2008: How to stay alive after losing your tail. Behaviour 145, 552-555. – reference: Daniels, C. B. 1984: The importance of caudal lipid in the gecko Phyllodactylus marmoratus. Herpetologica 40, 337-344. – reference: Fox, S. F. & Rostker, M. A. 1982: Social cost of tail loss in Uta stansburiana. Science 218, 692-693. – reference: Bauwens, D. & Thoen, C. 1981: Escape tactics and vulnerability to predation associated with reproduction in the lizard Lacerta vivipara. J. Anim. Ecol. 50, 733-743. – reference: Vinegar, M. B. 1975: Demography of the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Ecology 56, 172-182. – reference: Daniels, C. B. 1983: Running: an escape strategy enhanced by autotomy. Herpetologica 39, 162-165. – reference: Formanowicz, D. R. Jr, Brodie, E. D. Jr & Bradley, P. J. 1990: Behavioral compensation for tail loss in the ground skink, Scincella lateralis. Anim. Behav. 40, 782-784. – reference: Cooper, W. E. Jr 2007: Compensatory changes in escape and refuge use following autotomy in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus. Can. J. Zool. 85, 99-107. – reference: Punzo, F. 1982: Tail autotomy and running speed in the lizards Cophosaurus texanus and Uma notata. J. Herpetol. 16, 329-331. – reference: Cooper, W. E. Jr, Vitt, L. J., Caldwell, J. P. & Fox, S. F. 2001: Foraging modes of some American lizards: relationships among measurement variables and discreteness of modes. Herpetologica 57, 65-76. – reference: Schwarzkopf, L. & Shine, R. 1992: Costs of reproduction in lizards: escape tactics and susceptibility to predation. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31, 17-25. – reference: Downes, S. & Shine, R. 2001: Why does tail loss increase a lizard's later vulnerability to snake predators? Ecology 82, 1293-1303. – reference: Cohen, J. 1992: A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155-159. – reference: Shine, R. 1980: "Costs" of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologia (Berl.) 46, 92-100. – reference: Fox, S. F., Heger, N. A. & Delay, L. S. 1990: Social cost of tail loss in Uta stansburiana: lizard tails as status-signalling badges. Anim. Behav. 39, 549-554. – reference: Clark, C. W. 1994: Antipredator behavior and the asset-protection principle. Behav. Ecol. 5, 159-170. – reference: Wilson, R. S. & Booth, D. T. 1998: Effect of tail loss on reproductive output and its ecological significance in the skink Eulamprus quoyii. J. Herpetol. 32, 128-131. – reference: Fleming, P. 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J. |
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| Snippet | Autotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs,... AbstractAutotomy, voluntary shedding of body parts to permit escape, is a theoretically interesting defense because escape benefit is offset by numerous costs,... |
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| SubjectTerms | adults Animal behavior body condition Females gravid females Lacertilia Lizards males Reptiles & amphibians Sceloporus Sceloporus virgatus Survival analysis tail Theory |
| Title | Sex, Reproductive Status, and Cost of Tail Autotomy via Decreased Running Speed in Lizards |
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