Genomic Investigation Reveals a Community Typhoid Outbreak Caused by Contaminated Drinking Water in China, 2016
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prev...
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| Published in | Frontiers in medicine Vol. 9; p. 753085 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Abstract | Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (
S
. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prevention and Control is starting to apply whole genome sequencing for tracking the source of outbreak isolates. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China, in 2016. A total of 26
S
. Typhi isolates were recovered from the drinking water (
n
= 1) and patients' blood (
n
= 24) and stool (
n
= 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the persistence of the outbreak isolates in drinking water for more than 3 months. The genomic comparison demonstrated a high similarity between the isolate from water and isolates from patients in their genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profile, indicating the
S
. Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the examined outbreak. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed these isolates had identical PFGE pattern, indicating they are clonal variants. Additionally, phylogeographical analysis of global S. Typhi isolates suggested the outbreak isolates are evolutionarily linked to the isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Taken together, this study highlights the drinking water and international travel as critical control points of mitigating the outbreak, emphasizing the necessity of regular monitoring of this pathogen in China. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (
S
. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prevention and Control is starting to apply whole genome sequencing for tracking the source of outbreak isolates. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China, in 2016. A total of 26
S
. Typhi isolates were recovered from the drinking water (
n
= 1) and patients' blood (
n
= 24) and stool (
n
= 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the persistence of the outbreak isolates in drinking water for more than 3 months. The genomic comparison demonstrated a high similarity between the isolate from water and isolates from patients in their genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profile, indicating the
S
. Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the examined outbreak. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed these isolates had identical PFGE pattern, indicating they are clonal variants. Additionally, phylogeographical analysis of global S. Typhi isolates suggested the outbreak isolates are evolutionarily linked to the isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Taken together, this study highlights the drinking water and international travel as critical control points of mitigating the outbreak, emphasizing the necessity of regular monitoring of this pathogen in China. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prevention and Control is starting to apply whole genome sequencing for tracking the source of outbreak isolates. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China, in 2016. A total of 26 S. Typhi isolates were recovered from the drinking water (n = 1) and patients' blood (n = 24) and stool (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the persistence of the outbreak isolates in drinking water for more than 3 months. The genomic comparison demonstrated a high similarity between the isolate from water and isolates from patients in their genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profile, indicating the S. Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the examined outbreak. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed these isolates had identical PFGE pattern, indicating they are clonal variants. Additionally, phylogeographical analysis of global S. Typhi isolates suggested the outbreak isolates are evolutionarily linked to the isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Taken together, this study highlights the drinking water and international travel as critical control points of mitigating the outbreak, emphasizing the necessity of regular monitoring of this pathogen in China. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prevention and Control is starting to apply whole genome sequencing for tracking the source of outbreak isolates. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China, in 2016. A total of 26 S. Typhi isolates were recovered from the drinking water (n = 1) and patients' blood (n = 24) and stool (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the persistence of the outbreak isolates in drinking water for more than 3 months. The genomic comparison demonstrated a high similarity between the isolate from water and isolates from patients in their genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profile, indicating the S. Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the examined outbreak. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed these isolates had identical PFGE pattern, indicating they are clonal variants. Additionally, phylogeographical analysis of global S. Typhi isolates suggested the outbreak isolates are evolutionarily linked to the isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Taken together, this study highlights the drinking water and international travel as critical control points of mitigating the outbreak, emphasizing the necessity of regular monitoring of this pathogen in China.Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prevention and Control is starting to apply whole genome sequencing for tracking the source of outbreak isolates. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China, in 2016. A total of 26 S. Typhi isolates were recovered from the drinking water (n = 1) and patients' blood (n = 24) and stool (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the persistence of the outbreak isolates in drinking water for more than 3 months. The genomic comparison demonstrated a high similarity between the isolate from water and isolates from patients in their genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profile, indicating the S. Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the examined outbreak. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed these isolates had identical PFGE pattern, indicating they are clonal variants. Additionally, phylogeographical analysis of global S. Typhi isolates suggested the outbreak isolates are evolutionarily linked to the isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Taken together, this study highlights the drinking water and international travel as critical control points of mitigating the outbreak, emphasizing the necessity of regular monitoring of this pathogen in China. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by serovar Typhi ( . Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In China, typhoid fever is endemic with a limited number of reported outbreaks. Recently, Chinese local Center for Disease Prevention and Control is starting to apply whole genome sequencing for tracking the source of outbreak isolates. In this study, we conducted a retrospective investigation into a community outbreak of typhoid fever in Lanling, China, in 2016. A total of 26 . Typhi isolates were recovered from the drinking water ( = 1) and patients' blood ( = 24) and stool ( = 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the persistence of the outbreak isolates in drinking water for more than 3 months. The genomic comparison demonstrated a high similarity between the isolate from water and isolates from patients in their genomic content, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance gene profile, indicating the . Typhi isolate from drinking water was responsible for the examined outbreak. The result of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed these isolates had identical PFGE pattern, indicating they are clonal variants. Additionally, phylogeographical analysis of global S. Typhi isolates suggested the outbreak isolates are evolutionarily linked to the isolates from the United Kingdom and Vietnam. Taken together, this study highlights the drinking water and international travel as critical control points of mitigating the outbreak, emphasizing the necessity of regular monitoring of this pathogen in China. |
| Author | Li, Tao Yue, Min Teng, Lin Hu, Bin Hou, Peibin Kang, Dianmin Kehrenberg, Corinna Ji, Shengxiang Miao, Song Zhao, Lijiang |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China 3 Shandong Medical College , Jinan , China 4 Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Linyi , China 5 Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany 1 Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan , China 6 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China 7 The Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University , Sanya , China |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China – name: 5 Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany – name: 1 Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan , China – name: 3 Shandong Medical College , Jinan , China – name: 4 Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Linyi , China – name: 6 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China – name: 7 The Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University , Sanya , China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Bin surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Bin – sequence: 2 givenname: Peibin surname: Hou fullname: Hou, Peibin – sequence: 3 givenname: Lin surname: Teng fullname: Teng, Lin – sequence: 4 givenname: Song surname: Miao fullname: Miao, Song – sequence: 5 givenname: Lijiang surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Lijiang – sequence: 6 givenname: Shengxiang surname: Ji fullname: Ji, Shengxiang – sequence: 7 givenname: Tao surname: Li fullname: Li, Tao – sequence: 8 givenname: Corinna surname: Kehrenberg fullname: Kehrenberg, Corinna – sequence: 9 givenname: Dianmin surname: Kang fullname: Kang, Dianmin – sequence: 10 givenname: Min surname: Yue fullname: Yue, Min |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2022 Hu, Hou, Teng, Miao, Zhao, Ji, Li, Kehrenberg, Kang and Yue. Copyright © 2022 Hu, Hou, Teng, Miao, Zhao, Ji, Li, Kehrenberg, Kang and Yue. 2022 Hu, Hou, Teng, Miao, Zhao, Ji, Li, Kehrenberg, Kang and Yue |
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| Keywords | typhoid fever genomics outbreak drinking water Salmonella Typhi |
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| License | Copyright © 2022 Hu, Hou, Teng, Miao, Zhao, Ji, Li, Kehrenberg, Kang and Yue. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Duy Pham, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam (OUCRU), Vietnam These authors have contributed equally to this work Reviewed by: Beiwen Zheng, Zhejiang University, China; Shanta Dutta, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR), India This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases – Surveillance, Prevention and Treatment, a section of the journal Frontiers in Medicine |
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| Snippet | Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (
S
. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in... Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by serovar Typhi ( . Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing countries. In... Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and remains a significant public health burden in developing... |
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| Title | Genomic Investigation Reveals a Community Typhoid Outbreak Caused by Contaminated Drinking Water in China, 2016 |
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