Aging and Imaging Assessment of Body Composition: From Fat to Facts

The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called "inflammaging", which shares major molecular and cellular features with the metabolism-induced inflammation called "metaflammation." Metaflammation is mainly driven by overnutrition and nutrient excess,...

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Published inFrontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne) Vol. 10; p. 861
Main Authors Ponti, Federico, Santoro, Aurelia, Mercatelli, Daniele, Gasperini, Chiara, Conte, Maria, Martucci, Morena, Sangiorgi, Luca, Franceschi, Claudio, Bazzocchi, Alberto
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 14.01.2020
Subjects
age-related diseases
aging
body composition
Endocrinology
fat and lean mass
imaging techniques
age-related diseases
body composition
fat and lean mass
aging
imaging techniques
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Abstract The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called "inflammaging", which shares major molecular and cellular features with the metabolism-induced inflammation called "metaflammation." Metaflammation is mainly driven by overnutrition and nutrient excess, but other contributing factors are metabolic modifications related to the specific body composition (BC) changes occurring with age. The aging process is indeed characterized by an increase in body total fat mass and a concomitant decrease in lean mass and bone density, that are independent from general and physiological fluctuations in weight and body mass index (BMI). Body adiposity is also re-distributed with age, resulting in a general increase in trunk fat (mainly abdominal fat) and a reduction in appendicular fat (mainly subcutaneous fat). Moreover, the accumulation of fat infiltration in organs such as liver and muscles also increases in elderly, while subcutaneous fat mass tends to decrease. These specific variations in BC are considered risk factors for the major age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia and osteoporosis, and can predispose to disabilities. Thus, the maintenance of a balance rate of fat, muscle and bone is crucial to preserve metabolic homeostasis and a health status, positively contributing to a successful aging. For this reason, a detailed assessment of BC in elderly is critical and could be an additional preventive personalized strategy for age-related diseases. Despite BMI and other clinical measures, such as waist circumference measurement, waist-hip ratio, underwater weighing and bioelectrical impedance, are widely used as a surrogate measure for body adiposity, they barely reflect the distribution of body fat. Because of the great advantages offered by imaging tools in research and clinics, the attention of clinicians is now moving to powerful imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound to obtain a more accurate estimation of BC. The aim of this review is to present the state of the art of the imaging techniques that are currently available to measure BC and that can be applied to the study of BC changes in the elderly, outlining advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
AbstractList The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called “inflammaging”, which shares major molecular and cellular features with the metabolism-induced inflammation called “metaflammation.” Metaflammation is mainly driven by overnutrition and nutrient excess, but other contributing factors are metabolic modifications related to the specific body composition (BC) changes occurring with age. The aging process is indeed characterized by an increase in body total fat mass and a concomitant decrease in lean mass and bone density, that are independent from general and physiological fluctuations in weight and body mass index (BMI). Body adiposity is also re-distributed with age, resulting in a general increase in trunk fat (mainly abdominal fat) and a reduction in appendicular fat (mainly subcutaneous fat). Moreover, the accumulation of fat infiltration in organs such as liver and muscles also increases in elderly, while subcutaneous fat mass tends to decrease. These specific variations in BC are considered risk factors for the major age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia and osteoporosis, and can predispose to disabilities. Thus, the maintenance of a balance rate of fat, muscle and bone is crucial to preserve metabolic homeostasis and a health status, positively contributing to a successful aging. For this reason, a detailed assessment of BC in elderly is critical and could be an additional preventive personalized strategy for age-related diseases. Despite BMI and other clinical measures, such as waist circumference measurement, waist-hip ratio, underwater weighing and bioelectrical impedance, are widely used as a surrogate measure for body adiposity, they barely reflect the distribution of body fat. Because of the great advantages offered by imaging tools in research and clinics, the attention of clinicians is now moving to powerful imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound to obtain a more accurate estimation of BC. The aim of this review is to present the state of the art of the imaging techniques that are currently available to measure BC and that can be applied to the study of BC changes in the elderly, outlining advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called "inflammaging", which shares major molecular and cellular features with the metabolism-induced inflammation called "metaflammation." Metaflammation is mainly driven by overnutrition and nutrient excess, but other contributing factors are metabolic modifications related to the specific body composition (BC) changes occurring with age. The aging process is indeed characterized by an increase in body total fat mass and a concomitant decrease in lean mass and bone density, that are independent from general and physiological fluctuations in weight and body mass index (BMI). Body adiposity is also re-distributed with age, resulting in a general increase in trunk fat (mainly abdominal fat) and a reduction in appendicular fat (mainly subcutaneous fat). Moreover, the accumulation of fat infiltration in organs such as liver and muscles also increases in elderly, while subcutaneous fat mass tends to decrease. These specific variations in BC are considered risk factors for the major age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia and osteoporosis, and can predispose to disabilities. Thus, the maintenance of a balance rate of fat, muscle and bone is crucial to preserve metabolic homeostasis and a health status, positively contributing to a successful aging. For this reason, a detailed assessment of BC in elderly is critical and could be an additional preventive personalized strategy for age-related diseases. Despite BMI and other clinical measures, such as waist circumference measurement, waist-hip ratio, underwater weighing and bioelectrical impedance, are widely used as a surrogate measure for body adiposity, they barely reflect the distribution of body fat. Because of the great advantages offered by imaging tools in research and clinics, the attention of clinicians is now moving to powerful imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound to obtain a more accurate estimation of BC. The aim of this review is to present the state of the art of the imaging techniques that are currently available to measure BC and that can be applied to the study of BC changes in the elderly, outlining advantages and disadvantages of each technique.The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called "inflammaging", which shares major molecular and cellular features with the metabolism-induced inflammation called "metaflammation." Metaflammation is mainly driven by overnutrition and nutrient excess, but other contributing factors are metabolic modifications related to the specific body composition (BC) changes occurring with age. The aging process is indeed characterized by an increase in body total fat mass and a concomitant decrease in lean mass and bone density, that are independent from general and physiological fluctuations in weight and body mass index (BMI). Body adiposity is also re-distributed with age, resulting in a general increase in trunk fat (mainly abdominal fat) and a reduction in appendicular fat (mainly subcutaneous fat). Moreover, the accumulation of fat infiltration in organs such as liver and muscles also increases in elderly, while subcutaneous fat mass tends to decrease. These specific variations in BC are considered risk factors for the major age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia and osteoporosis, and can predispose to disabilities. Thus, the maintenance of a balance rate of fat, muscle and bone is crucial to preserve metabolic homeostasis and a health status, positively contributing to a successful aging. For this reason, a detailed assessment of BC in elderly is critical and could be an additional preventive personalized strategy for age-related diseases. Despite BMI and other clinical measures, such as waist circumference measurement, waist-hip ratio, underwater weighing and bioelectrical impedance, are widely used as a surrogate measure for body adiposity, they barely reflect the distribution of body fat. Because of the great advantages offered by imaging tools in research and clinics, the attention of clinicians is now moving to powerful imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound to obtain a more accurate estimation of BC. The aim of this review is to present the state of the art of the imaging techniques that are currently available to measure BC and that can be applied to the study of BC changes in the elderly, outlining advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Author Franceschi, Claudio
Mercatelli, Daniele
Bazzocchi, Alberto
Martucci, Morena
Sangiorgi, Luca
Conte, Maria
Ponti, Federico
Santoro, Aurelia
Gasperini, Chiara
AuthorAffiliation 2 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
4 Department of Medical Genetics and Rare Orthopedic Disease & CLIBI Laboratory, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
1 Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
5 Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod-National Research University (UNN) , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
3 C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
– name: 1 Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
– name: 5 Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod-National Research University (UNN) , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
– name: 3 C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
– name: 4 Department of Medical Genetics and Rare Orthopedic Disease & CLIBI Laboratory, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Federico
  surname: Ponti
  fullname: Ponti, Federico
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Aurelia
  surname: Santoro
  fullname: Santoro, Aurelia
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Daniele
  surname: Mercatelli
  fullname: Mercatelli, Daniele
– sequence: 4
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  surname: Gasperini
  fullname: Gasperini, Chiara
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Maria
  surname: Conte
  fullname: Conte, Maria
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Morena
  surname: Martucci
  fullname: Martucci, Morena
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Luca
  surname: Sangiorgi
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  surname: Franceschi
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  surname: Bazzocchi
  fullname: Bazzocchi, Alberto
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31993018$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright Copyright © 2020 Ponti, Santoro, Mercatelli, Gasperini, Conte, Martucci, Sangiorgi, Franceschi and Bazzocchi.
Copyright © 2020 Ponti, Santoro, Mercatelli, Gasperini, Conte, Martucci, Sangiorgi, Franceschi and Bazzocchi. 2020 Ponti, Santoro, Mercatelli, Gasperini, Conte, Martucci, Sangiorgi, Franceschi and Bazzocchi
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Keywords age-related diseases
body composition
fat and lean mass
aging
imaging techniques
Language English
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This article was submitted to Endocrinology of Aging, a section of the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology
Edited by: Andrzej Bartke, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, United States
These authors have contributed equally to this work
Reviewed by: Xinran Ma, East China Normal University, China; Holly M. Brown-Borg, University of North Dakota, United States
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Snippet The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called "inflammaging", which shares major molecular and cellular features with the...
The aging process is characterized by the chronic inflammatory status called “inflammaging”, which shares major molecular and cellular features with the...
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SubjectTerms age-related diseases
aging
body composition
Endocrinology
fat and lean mass
imaging techniques
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Title Aging and Imaging Assessment of Body Composition: From Fat to Facts
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