Contrasting Association Between COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Mental Health Status in India and Saudi Arabia—A Preliminary Evidence Collected During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic
Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored. To analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines...
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| Published in | Frontiers in medicine Vol. 9; p. 900026 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A
04.05.2022
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| Abstract | Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.
To analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.
A total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
Prevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73-55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16-61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.
Vaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA. |
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| AbstractList | Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.
To analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.
A total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
Prevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73-55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16-61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.
Vaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA. BackgroundVaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.Aim and ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.Materials and MethodsA total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.ResultsPrevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73–55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16–61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.ConclusionVaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA. Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.BackgroundVaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.To analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.Aim and ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.A total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.Materials and MethodsA total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.Prevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73-55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16-61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.ResultsPrevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73-55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16-61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.Vaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA.ConclusionVaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA. |
| Author | Kumar K., Senthil Ilango, Saraswathi Jayakumar, Saikarthik Hawsah, Yazeed Mohammed Alassaf, Abdullah Paramasivam, Anand Aljabr, Abdullah Mickeymaray, Suresh Aldawish, Ahmed Saad |
| AuthorAffiliation | 6 College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia 3 Department of Physiology, Madha Medical College and Research Institute , Chennai , India 4 Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia 5 Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia 1 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia – name: 6 College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia – name: 4 Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia – name: 2 Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia – name: 3 Department of Physiology, Madha Medical College and Research Institute , Chennai , India – name: 1 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University , Al Majma’ah , Saudi Arabia |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Saikarthik surname: Jayakumar fullname: Jayakumar, Saikarthik – sequence: 2 givenname: Saraswathi surname: Ilango fullname: Ilango, Saraswathi – sequence: 3 givenname: Senthil surname: Kumar K. fullname: Kumar K., Senthil – sequence: 4 givenname: Abdullah surname: Alassaf fullname: Alassaf, Abdullah – sequence: 5 givenname: Abdullah surname: Aljabr fullname: Aljabr, Abdullah – sequence: 6 givenname: Anand surname: Paramasivam fullname: Paramasivam, Anand – sequence: 7 givenname: Suresh surname: Mickeymaray fullname: Mickeymaray, Suresh – sequence: 8 givenname: Yazeed Mohammed surname: Hawsah fullname: Hawsah, Yazeed Mohammed – sequence: 9 givenname: Ahmed Saad surname: Aldawish fullname: Aldawish, Ahmed Saad |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35602514$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare11142083 crossref_primary_10_1136_jech_2021_218535 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1469792 crossref_primary_10_1002_hsr2_1426 crossref_primary_10_1017_S2045796024000763 crossref_primary_10_1111_aphw_12452 crossref_primary_10_1111_sjop_12924 |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2022 Jayakumar, Ilango, Kumar, Alassaf, Aljabr, Paramasivam, Mickeymaray, Hawsah and Aldawish. Copyright © 2022 Jayakumar, Ilango, Kumar, Alassaf, Aljabr, Paramasivam, Mickeymaray, Hawsah and Aldawish. 2022 Jayakumar, Ilango, Senthil Kumar, Alassaf, Aljabr, Paramasivam, Mickeymaray, Hawsah and Aldawish |
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| Keywords | COVID-19 vaccines PTSD vaccine hesitancy anxiety mental health support COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale mental health depression |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2022 Jayakumar, Ilango, Kumar, Alassaf, Aljabr, Paramasivam, Mickeymaray, Hawsah and Aldawish. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Francesca Licata, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy Reviewed by: Luís Carlos Lopes-Júnior, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil; Georgios Mikellides, University of Nicosia, Cyprus This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases – Surveillance, Prevention and Treatment, a section of the journal Frontiers in Medicine |
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| Title | Contrasting Association Between COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Mental Health Status in India and Saudi Arabia—A Preliminary Evidence Collected During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic |
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