Characterization of flue gas desulphurized (FGD) gypsum of a coal-fired plant and its relevant risk of associated potential toxic elements in sodic soil reclamation

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 19787
• Main Authors: Sundha, Parul, Mukhopadhyay, Raj, Basak, Nirmalendu, Rai, Arvind Kumar, Bedwal, Sandeep, Patel, Subedar, Kumar, Sanjay, Kaur, Harshpreet, Chandra, Priyanka, Sharma, Parbodh Chander, Saxena, Sanjeev Kumar, Parihar, Somendra Singh, Yadav, Rajender Kumar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 13.11.2023; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 704/172; 704/172/169; 704/172/4081; Bioavailability; By products; Coal-fired power plants; Contamination; Environmental assessment; Environmental risk; Flue gas; Gases; Gypsum; Heavy metals; Humanities and Social Sciences; Land degradation; Leachates; Manganese; multidisciplinary; Power plants; Quartz; Reclamation; Risk assessment; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Sodic soils; Soil conservation; Soil management; Sustainability; Sustainable development; Sustainable use; Thermal power; Thermal power plants; Toxicity; Trace elements; Zinc
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45706-y

Thermal Power Plant generates FGD gypsum as by-product during coal combustion. This study evaluates the characterization (spectroscopic and elemental), potentially toxic elements (PTEs) distribution, and environmental risk assessment of FGD gypsum for safe and sustainable use in agriculture. The XRD and SEM analysis confirmed the dominance of crystalline CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O in FGD gypsum. The order of concentrations of PTEs in FGD gypsum was Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Ni > Co. The residual fraction was the dominant pool, sharing 80–90% of the total PTEs. The heavy metals (HMs) were below the toxic range in the leachates. The Co, Ni, Al, Fe Mn, Zn had low (< 10%) risk assessment code and the ecotoxicity was in the range of 0.0–7.46%. The contamination factor was also low (0.0–0.16) at the normal recommended doses of FGD gypsum application for sodicity reclamation. The enrichment factor was in the order of Al < Mn < Co < Zn < Ni. Mn [enrichment factor (E f ) 1.2–2.0] and Co (E f 1.7–2.8) showed negligible enrichment of metals, whereas Ni (E f 4.3–5.2) and Zn (E f 4.5–5.6) reported moderate accumulation in soil. The application of FGD gypsum @ 10 t ha −1 for sodicity reclamation will develop a geo-accumulation index below the critical values indicating its safe and sustainable use to achieve land degradation neutrality (LDN) and UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.