Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific
The human settlement of the Pacific Islands represents one of the most recent major migration events of mankind. Polynesians originated in Asia according to linguistic evidence or in Melanesia according to archaeological evidence. To shed light on the genetic origins of Polynesians, we investigated...
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Published in | Molecular biology and evolution Vol. 23; no. 11; pp. 2234 - 2244 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Oxford University Press (OUP)
01.11.2006
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | The human settlement of the Pacific Islands represents one of the most recent major migration events of mankind. Polynesians originated in Asia according to linguistic evidence or in Melanesia according to archaeological evidence. To shed light on the genetic origins of Polynesians, we investigated over 400 Polynesians from 8 island groups, in comparison with over 900 individuals from potential parental populations of Melanesia, Southeast and East Asia, and Australia, by means of Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Overall, we classified 94.1% of Polynesian Y chromosomes and 99.8% of Polynesian mtDNAs as of either Melanesian (NRY-DNA: 65.8%, mtDNA: 6%) or Asian (NRY-DNA: 28.3%, mtDNA: 93.8%) origin, suggesting a dual genetic origin of Polynesians in agreement with the "Slow Boat" hypothesis. Our data suggest a pronounced admixture bias in Polynesians toward more Melanesian men than women, perhaps as a result of matrilocal residence in the ancestral Polynesian society. Although dating methods are consistent with somewhat similar entries of NRY/mtDNA haplogroups into Polynesia, haplotype sharing suggests an earlier appearance of Melanesian haplogroups than those from Asia. Surprisingly, we identified gradients in the frequency distribution of some NRY/mtDNA haplogroups across Polynesia and a gradual west-to-east decrease of overall NRY/mtDNA diversity, not only providing evidence for a west-to-east direction of Polynesian settlements but also suggesting that Pacific voyaging was regular rather than haphazard. We also demonstrate that Fiji played a pivotal role in the history of Polynesia: humans probably first migrated to Fiji, and subsequent settlement of Polynesia probably came from Fiji. |
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AbstractList | The human settlement of the Pacific Islands represents one of the most recent major migration events of mankind. Polynesians originated in Asia according to linguistic evidence or in Melanesia according to archaeological evidence. To shed light on the genetic origins of Polynesians, we investigated over 400 Polynesians from 8 island groups, in comparison with over 900 individuals from potential parental populations of Melanesia, Southeast and East Asia, and Australia, by means of Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Overall, we classified 94.1% of Polynesian Y chromosomes and 99.8% of Polynesian mtDNAs as of either Melanesian (NRY-DNA: 65.8%, mtDNA: 6%) or Asian (NRY-DNA: 28.3%, mtDNA: 93.8%) origin, suggesting a dual genetic origin of Polynesians in agreement with the "Slow Boat" hypothesis. Our data suggest a pronounced admixture bias in Polynesians toward more Melanesian men than women, perhaps as a result of matrilocal residence in the ancestral Polynesian society. Although dating methods are consistent with somewhat similar entries of NRY/mtDNA haplogroups into Polynesia, haplotype sharing suggests an earlier appearance of Melanesian haplogroups than those from Asia. Surprisingly, we identified gradients in the frequency distribution of some NRY/mtDNA haplogroups across Polynesia and a gradual west-to-east decrease of overall NRY/mtDNA diversity, not only providing evidence for a west-to-east direction of Polynesian settlements but also suggesting that Pacific voyaging was regular rather than haphazard. We also demonstrate that Fiji played a pivotal role in the history of Polynesia: humans probably first migrated to Fiji, and subsequent settlement of Polynesia probably came from Fiji. |
Author | Cordaux, Richard Moyse-Faurie, Claire Oefner, Peter J Schiefenhoevel, Wulf Lin, Alice A Casto, Amanda Underhill, Peter A Lao, Oscar Stoneking, Mark Trent, Ronald J Brauer, Silke Rutledge, Robb B Kayser, Manfred Gil, David Zhivotovsky, Lev A |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Manfred surname: Kayser fullname: Kayser, Manfred email: m.kayser@erasmusmc.nl organization: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. m.kayser@erasmusmc.nl – sequence: 2 givenname: Silke surname: Brauer fullname: Brauer, Silke – sequence: 3 givenname: Richard surname: Cordaux fullname: Cordaux, Richard – sequence: 4 givenname: Amanda surname: Casto fullname: Casto, Amanda – sequence: 5 givenname: Oscar surname: Lao fullname: Lao, Oscar – sequence: 6 givenname: Lev A surname: Zhivotovsky fullname: Zhivotovsky, Lev A – sequence: 7 givenname: Claire surname: Moyse-Faurie fullname: Moyse-Faurie, Claire – sequence: 8 givenname: Robb B surname: Rutledge fullname: Rutledge, Robb B – sequence: 9 givenname: Wulf surname: Schiefenhoevel fullname: Schiefenhoevel, Wulf – sequence: 10 givenname: David surname: Gil fullname: Gil, David – sequence: 11 givenname: Alice A surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Alice A – sequence: 12 givenname: Peter A surname: Underhill fullname: Underhill, Peter A – sequence: 13 givenname: Peter J surname: Oefner fullname: Oefner, Peter J – sequence: 14 givenname: Ronald J surname: Trent fullname: Trent, Ronald J – sequence: 15 givenname: Mark surname: Stoneking fullname: Stoneking, Mark |
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SubjectTerms | Biodiversity and Ecology Chromosomes, Human, Y Cluster Analysis DNA, Mitochondrial - genetics Emigration and Immigration Environmental Sciences Female Genetic Heterogeneity Genetic Markers Genetics Haplotypes Humans Life Sciences Male Melanesia - ethnology Pacific Islands Phylogeny Polynesia - ethnology Populations and Evolution Time |
Title | Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific |
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