Regional scale relationships between ecosystem structure and functioning: the case of the Patagonian steppes

• Published in: Global ecology and biogeography Vol. 13; no. 5; pp. 385 - 395
• Main Authors: Paruelo, José M., Golluscio, Rodolfo A., Guerschman, Juan Pablo, Cesa, Ariela, Jouve, Varinia V., Garbulsky, Martín F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Science Ltd 01.09.2004; Blackwell Publishing; Blackwell
• Subjects: Above-ground net primary production; Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; AVHRR/NOAA; Biological and medical sciences; classification; Ecosystems; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Grasses; Landsat; Landsat TM; Landscapes; NDVI; Patagonia; Physiognomy; Plant ecology; Prairies; regional analysis; remote sensing; Steppes; Synecology; Vegetation; vegetation physiognomy; Vegetation structure; South America; Argentina; America; Geographic distribution; Steppe; Ecosystem; Biogeography; Ecology; Ecosystem functioning; Patagonia
• ISSN: 1466-822X; 1466-8238
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00118.x

Aims: 1. To characterize ecosystem functioning by focusing on above-ground net primary production (ANPP), and 2. to relate the spatial heterogeneity of both functional and structural attributes of vegetation to environmental factors and landscape structure. We discuss the relationship between vegetation structure and functioning found in Patagonia in terms of the capabilities of remote sensing techniques to monitor and assess desertification. Location: Western portion of the Patagonian steppes in Argentina (39·30' S to 45°27' S). Methods: We used remotely-sensed data from Landsat TM and AVHRR/NOAA sensors to characterize vegetation structure (physiognomic units) and ecosystem functioning (ANPP and its seasonal and interannual variation). We combined the satellite information with floristic relevés and field estimates of ANPP. We built an empirical relationship between the Landsat TM-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and field ANPP. Using stepwise regressions we explored the relationship between ANPP and both environmental variables (precipitation and temperature surrogates) and structural attributes of the landscape (proportion and diversity of different physiognomic classes (PCs)). Results: PCs were quite heterogeneous in floristic terms, probably reflecting degradation processes. Regional estimates of ANPP showed differences of one order of magnitude among physiognomic classes. Fifty percent of the spatial variance in ANPP was accounted for by longitude, reflecting the dependency of ANPP on precipitation. The proportion of prairies and semideserts, latitude and, to a lesser extent, the number of PCs within an 8 x 8 km cell accounted for an additional 33% of the ANPP variability. ANPP spatial heterogeneity (calculated from Landsat TM data) within an 8x8 km cell was positively associated with the mean AVHRR/ NOAA NDVI and with the diversity of physiognomic classes. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that the spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem functioning described from ANPP result not only from water availability and thermal conditions but also from landscape structure (proportion and diversity of different PCs). The structural classification performed using remotely-sensed data captured the spatial variability in physiognomy. Such capability will allow the use of spectral classifications to monitor desertification.