FUNCTIONAL DEGRADATION AND ASYMMETRIC NETWORK EFFECTS
In markets subject to network effects, firms often remove some functions of their original products and sell a functionally-downgraded version at a lower or zero price. This paper aims to provide a pure network effect based explanation of such a practice. Building a functional degradation model with...
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| Published in | The Journal of industrial economics Vol. 54; no. 2; pp. 253 - 268 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2006
Blackwell Publishers |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | In markets subject to network effects, firms often remove some functions of their original products and sell a functionally-downgraded version at a lower or zero price. This paper aims to provide a pure network effect based explanation of such a practice. Building a functional degradation model with asymmetric network effects, we investigate when and why firms have incentives to introduce a functionally-degraded good and discuss its welfare implication. |
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| AbstractList | In markets subject to network effects, firms often remove some functions of their original products and sell a functionally‐downgraded version at a lower or zero price. This paper aims to provide a pure network effect based explanation of such a practice. Building a functional degradation model with asymmetric network effects, we investigate when and why firms have incentives to introduce a functionally‐degraded good and discuss its welfare implication. In markets subject to network effects, firms often remove some functions of their original products and sell a functionally-downgraded version at a lower or zero price. This paper aims to provide a pure network effect based explanation of such a practice. Building a functional degradation model with asymmetric network effects, we investigate when and why firms have incentives to introduce a functionally-degraded good and discuss its welfare implication. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | CSORBA, GERGELY HAHN, JONG-HEE |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: GERGELY surname: CSORBA fullname: CSORBA, GERGELY organization: Institute of Economics - Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaőrsi út 45, Budapest 1112, Hungary; and Central European University csorba@econ.core.hu – sequence: 2 givenname: JONG-HEE surname: HAHN fullname: HAHN, JONG-HEE organization: Department of Economics, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea hahnjh@yonsei.ac.kr |
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| Notes | istex:A9970CC494825E4CEFD1882CEEDCB481434379D3 ark:/67375/WNG-60RPQVC4-G We thank Mark Armstrong, Paul Belleflamme, Jay Pil Choi, Martin Diedrich, Georg Goetz, Bruno Jullien, Paul Klemperer, Meg Meyer, Marco Ottaviani, Patrick Rey, Jean Tirole, Tim Worrall, and seminar participants at various places for useful comments on earlier versions of the paper. We are especially grateful to the editor and two anonymous referees for insightful comments and suggestions. ArticleID:JOIE282 * SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 |
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| References | Takeyama, L., 1997, 'The Intertemporal Consequences of Unauthorized Reproduction of Intellectual Property,' Journal of Law and Economics, 40, pp. 511-522. Deneckere, R. and McAfee, P., 1996, 'Damaged Goods,' Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 5, pp. 149-174. Hahn, J-H., 2005, 'Damaged Durable Goods,' forthcoming in RAND Journal of Economics. Takeyama, L., 1994, 'The Welfare Implications of Unauthorized Reproduction of Intellectual Property in the Presence of Network Externalities,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 42, pp. 155-166. Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J., 1998, 'Upgrades, Trade-ins and Buybacks,' RAND Journal of Economics, 29, 235-258. Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J., 2000, 'Pricing a Network Good to Deter Entry,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 23, pp. 373-390. Rohlfs, J., 1974, 'A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communication Services,' Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 5, pp. 16-37. Gandal, N., 1994, 'Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test of Network Externalities,' RAND Journal of Economics, 25, pp. 160-170. Takeyama, L., 2002, 'Strategic Vertical Differentiation and Durable Goods Monopoly,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 50, pp. 43-56. Ellison, G. and Fudenberg, D., 2000, 'The Neo-Luddite's Lament: Excessive Upgrades in the Software Industry,' RAND Journal of Economics, 31, pp. 253-272. Katz, M. and Shapiro, C., 1985, 'Network Externalities, Competition and Compatibility,' American Economic Review, 75, pp. 424-440. Maskin, E. and Riley, J., 1984, 'Monopoly with Incomplete Information,' RAND Journal of Economics, 15, pp. 171-196. Adams, W. and Yellen, J., 1976, 'Commodity Bundling and the Burden of Monopoly,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90, pp. 475-498. Conner, K. and Rumelt, R., 1991, 'Software Piracy: An Analysis of Protection Strategies,' Management Science, 37, 125-139. Economides, N., 1996, 'The Economics of Networks,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 14, pp. 673-699. Hahn, J-H., 2003, 'Nonlinear Pricing of Telecommunications with Call and Network Externalities,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21, pp. 949-967. Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J., 2003, 'Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets,' Journal of the European Economic Association, 1, pp. 990-1029. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H., 1999, Information Rules (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts). Choi, J., 1994, 'Network Externality, Compatibility Choice, and Planned Obsolescence,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 42, pp. 167-182. Mussa, M. and Rosen, S., 1978, 'Monopoly and Product Quality,' Journal of Economic Theory, 18, pp. 301-317. Farrell, J. and Saloner, G., 1985, 'Standardization, Compatibility and Innovation,' RAND Journal of Economics, 16, pp. 70-83. Katz, M. and Shapiro, C., 1994, 'System Competition and Network Effects,' Journal of Economic Perspective, 8, pp. 93-115. Waldman, M., 1993, 'A New Perspective on Planned Obsolescence,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 58, pp. 272-283. King, S. and Lampe, R., 2003, 'Network Externalities, Price Discrimination and Profitable Piracy,' Information Economics and Policy, 15, pp. 271-290. 1998; 29 1997; 40 1991; 37 2000; 23 2002; 50 1994; 25 2003; 15 1978; 18 2005 2004 2003 1996; 14 1974; 5 1994; 42 1999 1994; 8 1993; 58 1976; 90 2001 1984; 15 2000; 31 2002b 2002a 2003; 1 1996; 5 1985; 75 1985; 16 2003; 21 b23_193 b1_171 b12_182 b7_177 b22_192 b24_194 Waldman M. (b29_199) 1993; 58 b27_197 b8_178 Conner K. (b4_174) 1991; 37 b9_179 b15_185 Hahn J-H. (b13_183) 2005 Katz M. (b16_186) 1985; 75 b20_190 Takeyama L. (b28_198) 2002; 50 Shapiro C. (b25_195) 1999 b5_175 b19_189 b11_181 Choi J. (b3_173) 1994; 42 Katz M. (b17_187) 1994; 8 b21_191 Fudenberg D. (b10_180) 2000; 23 Takeyama L. (b26_196) 1994; 42 b2_172 b6_176 b18_188 b14_184 |
| References_xml | – reference: Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J., 1998, 'Upgrades, Trade-ins and Buybacks,' RAND Journal of Economics, 29, 235-258. – reference: Katz, M. and Shapiro, C., 1994, 'System Competition and Network Effects,' Journal of Economic Perspective, 8, pp. 93-115. – reference: Hahn, J-H., 2005, 'Damaged Durable Goods,' forthcoming in RAND Journal of Economics. – reference: Takeyama, L., 1997, 'The Intertemporal Consequences of Unauthorized Reproduction of Intellectual Property,' Journal of Law and Economics, 40, pp. 511-522. – reference: Adams, W. and Yellen, J., 1976, 'Commodity Bundling and the Burden of Monopoly,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90, pp. 475-498. – reference: Choi, J., 1994, 'Network Externality, Compatibility Choice, and Planned Obsolescence,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 42, pp. 167-182. – reference: Katz, M. and Shapiro, C., 1985, 'Network Externalities, Competition and Compatibility,' American Economic Review, 75, pp. 424-440. – reference: Takeyama, L., 1994, 'The Welfare Implications of Unauthorized Reproduction of Intellectual Property in the Presence of Network Externalities,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 42, pp. 155-166. – reference: King, S. and Lampe, R., 2003, 'Network Externalities, Price Discrimination and Profitable Piracy,' Information Economics and Policy, 15, pp. 271-290. – reference: Waldman, M., 1993, 'A New Perspective on Planned Obsolescence,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 58, pp. 272-283. – reference: Hahn, J-H., 2003, 'Nonlinear Pricing of Telecommunications with Call and Network Externalities,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21, pp. 949-967. – reference: Maskin, E. and Riley, J., 1984, 'Monopoly with Incomplete Information,' RAND Journal of Economics, 15, pp. 171-196. – reference: Takeyama, L., 2002, 'Strategic Vertical Differentiation and Durable Goods Monopoly,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 50, pp. 43-56. – reference: Farrell, J. and Saloner, G., 1985, 'Standardization, Compatibility and Innovation,' RAND Journal of Economics, 16, pp. 70-83. – reference: Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J., 2003, 'Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets,' Journal of the European Economic Association, 1, pp. 990-1029. – reference: Deneckere, R. and McAfee, P., 1996, 'Damaged Goods,' Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 5, pp. 149-174. – reference: Gandal, N., 1994, 'Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test of Network Externalities,' RAND Journal of Economics, 25, pp. 160-170. – reference: Conner, K. and Rumelt, R., 1991, 'Software Piracy: An Analysis of Protection Strategies,' Management Science, 37, 125-139. – reference: Shapiro, C. and Varian, H., 1999, Information Rules (Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts). – reference: Economides, N., 1996, 'The Economics of Networks,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 14, pp. 673-699. – reference: Ellison, G. and Fudenberg, D., 2000, 'The Neo-Luddite's Lament: Excessive Upgrades in the Software Industry,' RAND Journal of Economics, 31, pp. 253-272. – reference: Mussa, M. and Rosen, S., 1978, 'Monopoly and Product Quality,' Journal of Economic Theory, 18, pp. 301-317. – reference: Fudenberg, D. and Tirole, J., 2000, 'Pricing a Network Good to Deter Entry,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 23, pp. 373-390. – reference: Rohlfs, J., 1974, 'A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communication Services,' Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 5, pp. 16-37. – volume: 75 start-page: 424 year: 1985 end-page: 440 article-title: Network Externalities, Competition and Compatibility publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 23 start-page: 373 year: 2000 end-page: 390 article-title: Pricing a Network Good to Deter Entry publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics – volume: 5 start-page: 16 year: 1974 end-page: 37 article-title: A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communication Services publication-title: Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science – year: 2005 article-title: Damaged Durable Goods publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – volume: 42 start-page: 155 year: 1994 end-page: 166 article-title: The Welfare Implications of Unauthorized Reproduction of Intellectual Property in the Presence of Network Externalities publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics – volume: 15 start-page: 171 year: 1984 end-page: 196 article-title: Monopoly with Incomplete Information publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – volume: 42 start-page: 167 year: 1994 end-page: 182 article-title: Network Externality, Compatibility Choice, and Planned Obsolescence publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics – year: 2001 – year: 2003 – volume: 5 start-page: 149 year: 1996 end-page: 174 article-title: Damaged Goods publication-title: Journal of Economics and Management Strategy – volume: 40 start-page: 511 year: 1997 end-page: 522 article-title: The Intertemporal Consequences of Unauthorized Reproduction of Intellectual Property publication-title: Journal of Law and Economics – volume: 16 start-page: 70 year: 1985 end-page: 83 article-title: Standardization, Compatibility and Innovation publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – volume: 18 start-page: 301 year: 1978 end-page: 317 article-title: Monopoly and Product Quality publication-title: Journal of Economic Theory – year: 2002a – volume: 90 start-page: 475 year: 1976 end-page: 498 article-title: Commodity Bundling and the Burden of Monopoly publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 25 start-page: 160 year: 1994 end-page: 170 article-title: Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test of Network Externalities publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – volume: 15 start-page: 271 year: 2003 end-page: 290 article-title: Network Externalities, Price Discrimination and Profitable Piracy publication-title: Information Economics and Policy – volume: 14 start-page: 673 year: 1996 end-page: 699 article-title: The Economics of Networks publication-title: International Journal of Industrial Organization – volume: 21 start-page: 949 year: 2003 end-page: 967 article-title: Nonlinear Pricing of Telecommunications with Call and Network Externalities publication-title: International Journal of Industrial Organization – volume: 1 start-page: 990 year: 2003 end-page: 1029 article-title: Platform Competition in Two‐Sided Markets publication-title: Journal of the European Economic Association – volume: 29 start-page: 235 year: 1998 end-page: 258 article-title: Upgrades, Trade‐ins and Buybacks publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – year: 2004 – volume: 31 start-page: 253 year: 2000 end-page: 272 article-title: The Neo‐Luddite's Lament publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – volume: 8 start-page: 93 year: 1994 end-page: 115 article-title: System Competition and Network Effects publication-title: Journal of Economic Perspective – year: 2002b – volume: 58 start-page: 272 year: 1993 end-page: 283 article-title: A New Perspective on Planned Obsolescence publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 50 start-page: 43 year: 2002 end-page: 56 article-title: Strategic Vertical Differentiation and Durable Goods Monopoly publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics – volume: 37 start-page: 125 year: 1991 end-page: 139 article-title: Software Piracy publication-title: Management Science – year: 1999 – volume-title: Information Rules year: 1999 ident: b25_195 – volume: 75 start-page: 424 year: 1985 ident: b16_186 publication-title: American Economic Review – volume: 42 start-page: 155 year: 1994 ident: b26_196 publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics doi: 10.2307/2950487 – ident: b5_175 doi: 10.1111/j.1430-9134.1996.00149.x – ident: b22_192 – ident: b15_185 – ident: b18_188 doi: 10.1016/S0167-6245(02)00110-5 – ident: b8_178 doi: 10.2307/2555589 – ident: b9_179 doi: 10.2307/2555887 – volume: 37 start-page: 125 year: 1991 ident: b4_174 publication-title: Management Science doi: 10.1287/mnsc.37.2.125 – volume: 8 start-page: 93 year: 1994 ident: b17_187 publication-title: Journal of Economic Perspective doi: 10.1257/jep.8.2.93 – ident: b2_172 – ident: b6_176 doi: 10.1016/0167-7187(96)01015-6 – ident: b11_181 doi: 10.2307/2555859 – volume: 42 start-page: 167 year: 1994 ident: b3_173 publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics doi: 10.2307/2950488 – year: 2005 ident: b13_183 publication-title: RAND Journal of Economics – volume: 58 start-page: 272 year: 1993 ident: b29_199 publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – ident: b7_177 doi: 10.2307/2601040 – ident: b19_189 doi: 10.2307/2555674 – volume: 23 start-page: 373 year: 2000 ident: b10_180 publication-title: Journal of Industrial Economics doi: 10.1111/1467-6451.00129 – ident: b21_191 – ident: b20_190 doi: 10.1016/0022-0531(78)90085-6 – ident: b12_182 doi: 10.1016/S0167-7187(03)00003-1 – ident: b27_197 doi: 10.1086/467382 – volume: 50 start-page: 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| Snippet | In markets subject to network effects, firms often remove some functions of their original products and sell a functionally-downgraded version at a lower or... In markets subject to network effects, firms often remove some functions of their original products and sell a functionally‐downgraded version at a lower or... |
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| SubjectTerms | Computer software Consumer economics Consumer equilibrium Consumer goods Consumer spending Consumer surplus Economic models Industrial economics Market structure Monopolistic competition Network effects Studies Versioning Writing |
| Title | FUNCTIONAL DEGRADATION AND ASYMMETRIC NETWORK EFFECTS |
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