A Novel Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist, MGN1703, Enhances HIV-1 Transcription and NK Cell-Mediated Inhibition of HIV-1-Infected Autologous CD4+ T Cells
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a "shock-and-kill" approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel...
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Published in | Journal of virology Vol. 90; no. 9; pp. 4441 - 4453 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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United States
American Society for Microbiology
01.05.2016
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Abstract | Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a "shock-and-kill" approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel TLR9 agonist, MGN1703, may indeed perform both functions in an HIV-1 eradication trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) that were incubated with MGN1703 ex vivo exhibited increased secretion of interferon alpha (IFN-α) (P= 0.005) and CXCL10 (P= 0.0005) in culture supernatants. Within the incubated PBMC pool, there were higher proportions of CD69-positive CD56(dim)CD16(+)NK cells (P= 0.001) as well as higher proportions of CD107a-positive (P= 0.002) and IFN-γ-producing (P= 0.038) NK cells. Incubation with MGN1703 also increased the proportions of CD69-expressing CD4(+)and CD8(+)T cells. Furthermore, CD4(+)T cells within the pool of MGN1703-incubated PBMCs showed enhanced levels of unspliced HIV-1 RNA (P= 0.036). Importantly, MGN1703 increased the capacity of NK cells to inhibit virus spread within a culture of autologous CD4(+)T cells assessed by using an HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (P= 0.03). In conclusion, we show that MGN1703 induced strong antiviral innate immune responses, enhanced HIV-1 transcription, and boosted NK cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4(+)T cells. These findings support clinical testing of MGN1703 in HIV-1 eradication trials.
We demonstrate that MGN1703 (a TLR9 agonist currently undergoing phase 3 clinical testing for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer) induces potent antiviral responses in immune effector cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The significantly improved safety and tolerability profiles of MGN1703 versus TLR9 agonists of the CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) family are due to its novel "dumbbell-shape" structure made of covalently closed, natural DNA. In our study, we found that incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with MGN1703 results in natural killer cell activation and increased natural killer cell function, which significantly inhibited the spread of HIV in a culture of autologous CD4(+)T cells. Furthermore, we discovered that MGN1703-mediated activation can enhance HIV-1 transcription in CD4(+)T cells, suggesting that this molecule may serve a dual purpose in HIV-1 eradication therapy: enhanced immune function and latency reversal. These findings provide a strong preclinical basis for the inclusion of MGN1703 in an HIV eradication clinical trial. |
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AbstractList | Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a "shock-and-kill" approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel TLR9 agonist, MGN1703, may indeed perform both functions in an HIV-1 eradication trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) that were incubated with MGN1703 ex vivo exhibited increased secretion of interferon alpha (IFN-α) (P= 0.005) and CXCL10 (P= 0.0005) in culture supernatants. Within the incubated PBMC pool, there were higher proportions of CD69-positive CD56(dim)CD16(+)NK cells (P= 0.001) as well as higher proportions of CD107a-positive (P= 0.002) and IFN-γ-producing (P= 0.038) NK cells. Incubation with MGN1703 also increased the proportions of CD69-expressing CD4(+)and CD8(+)T cells. Furthermore, CD4(+)T cells within the pool of MGN1703-incubated PBMCs showed enhanced levels of unspliced HIV-1 RNA (P= 0.036). Importantly, MGN1703 increased the capacity of NK cells to inhibit virus spread within a culture of autologous CD4(+)T cells assessed by using an HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (P= 0.03). In conclusion, we show that MGN1703 induced strong antiviral innate immune responses, enhanced HIV-1 transcription, and boosted NK cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4(+)T cells. These findings support clinical testing of MGN1703 in HIV-1 eradication trials.
We demonstrate that MGN1703 (a TLR9 agonist currently undergoing phase 3 clinical testing for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer) induces potent antiviral responses in immune effector cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The significantly improved safety and tolerability profiles of MGN1703 versus TLR9 agonists of the CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) family are due to its novel "dumbbell-shape" structure made of covalently closed, natural DNA. In our study, we found that incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with MGN1703 results in natural killer cell activation and increased natural killer cell function, which significantly inhibited the spread of HIV in a culture of autologous CD4(+)T cells. Furthermore, we discovered that MGN1703-mediated activation can enhance HIV-1 transcription in CD4(+)T cells, suggesting that this molecule may serve a dual purpose in HIV-1 eradication therapy: enhanced immune function and latency reversal. These findings provide a strong preclinical basis for the inclusion of MGN1703 in an HIV eradication clinical trial. ABSTRACT Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a “shock-and-kill” approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel TLR9 agonist, MGN1703, may indeed perform both functions in an HIV-1 eradication trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) that were incubated with MGN1703 ex vivo exhibited increased secretion of interferon alpha (IFN-α) ( P = 0.005) and CXCL10 ( P = 0.0005) in culture supernatants. Within the incubated PBMC pool, there were higher proportions of CD69-positive CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells ( P = 0.001) as well as higher proportions of CD107a-positive ( P = 0.002) and IFN-γ-producing ( P = 0.038) NK cells. Incubation with MGN1703 also increased the proportions of CD69-expressing CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Furthermore, CD4 + T cells within the pool of MGN1703-incubated PBMCs showed enhanced levels of unspliced HIV-1 RNA ( P = 0.036). Importantly, MGN1703 increased the capacity of NK cells to inhibit virus spread within a culture of autologous CD4 + T cells assessed by using an HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( P = 0.03). In conclusion, we show that MGN1703 induced strong antiviral innate immune responses, enhanced HIV-1 transcription, and boosted NK cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4 + T cells. These findings support clinical testing of MGN1703 in HIV-1 eradication trials. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that MGN1703 (a TLR9 agonist currently undergoing phase 3 clinical testing for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer) induces potent antiviral responses in immune effector cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The significantly improved safety and tolerability profiles of MGN1703 versus TLR9 agonists of the CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) family are due to its novel “dumbbell-shape” structure made of covalently closed, natural DNA. In our study, we found that incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with MGN1703 results in natural killer cell activation and increased natural killer cell function, which significantly inhibited the spread of HIV in a culture of autologous CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, we discovered that MGN1703-mediated activation can enhance HIV-1 transcription in CD4 + T cells, suggesting that this molecule may serve a dual purpose in HIV-1 eradication therapy: enhanced immune function and latency reversal. These findings provide a strong preclinical basis for the inclusion of MGN1703 in an HIV eradication clinical trial. UNLABELLEDToll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a "shock-and-kill" approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel TLR9 agonist, MGN1703, may indeed perform both functions in an HIV-1 eradication trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) that were incubated with MGN1703 ex vivo exhibited increased secretion of interferon alpha (IFN-α) (P= 0.005) and CXCL10 (P= 0.0005) in culture supernatants. Within the incubated PBMC pool, there were higher proportions of CD69-positive CD56(dim)CD16(+)NK cells (P= 0.001) as well as higher proportions of CD107a-positive (P= 0.002) and IFN-γ-producing (P= 0.038) NK cells. Incubation with MGN1703 also increased the proportions of CD69-expressing CD4(+)and CD8(+)T cells. Furthermore, CD4(+)T cells within the pool of MGN1703-incubated PBMCs showed enhanced levels of unspliced HIV-1 RNA (P= 0.036). Importantly, MGN1703 increased the capacity of NK cells to inhibit virus spread within a culture of autologous CD4(+)T cells assessed by using an HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (P= 0.03). In conclusion, we show that MGN1703 induced strong antiviral innate immune responses, enhanced HIV-1 transcription, and boosted NK cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4(+)T cells. These findings support clinical testing of MGN1703 in HIV-1 eradication trials.IMPORTANCEWe demonstrate that MGN1703 (a TLR9 agonist currently undergoing phase 3 clinical testing for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer) induces potent antiviral responses in immune effector cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The significantly improved safety and tolerability profiles of MGN1703 versus TLR9 agonists of the CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) family are due to its novel "dumbbell-shape" structure made of covalently closed, natural DNA. In our study, we found that incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with MGN1703 results in natural killer cell activation and increased natural killer cell function, which significantly inhibited the spread of HIV in a culture of autologous CD4(+)T cells. Furthermore, we discovered that MGN1703-mediated activation can enhance HIV-1 transcription in CD4(+)T cells, suggesting that this molecule may serve a dual purpose in HIV-1 eradication therapy: enhanced immune function and latency reversal. These findings provide a strong preclinical basis for the inclusion of MGN1703 in an HIV eradication clinical trial. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a "shock-and-kill" approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel TLR9 agonist, MGN1703, may indeed perform both functions in an HIV-1 eradication trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) that were incubated with MGN1703 ex vivo exhibited increased secretion of interferon alpha (IFN- alpha ) (P = 0.005) and CXCL10 (P = 0.0005) in culture supernatants. Within the incubated PBMC pool, there were higher proportions of CD69-positive CD56dim CD16+ NK cells (P = 0.001) as well as higher proportions of CD107a-positive (P = 0.002) and IFN- gamma -producing (P = 0.038) NK cells. Incubation with MGN1703 also increased the proportions of CD69-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, CD4+ T cells within the pool of MGN1703-incubated PBMCs showed enhanced levels of unspliced HIV-1 RNA (P = 0.036). Importantly, MGN1703 increased the capacity of NK cells to inhibit virus spread within a culture of autologous CD4+ T cells assessed by using an HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (P = 0.03). In conclusion, we show that MGN1703 induced strong antiviral innate immune responses, enhanced HIV-1 transcription, and boosted NK cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4+ T cells. These findings support clinical testing of MGN1703 in HIV-1 eradication trials. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that MGN1703 (a TLR9 agonist currently undergoing phase 3 clinical testing for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer) induces potent antiviral responses in immune effector cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The significantly improved safety and tolerability profiles of MGN1703 versus TLR9 agonists of the CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) family are due to its novel "dumbbell-shape" structure made of covalently closed, natural DNA. In our study, we found that incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with MGN1703 results in natural killer cell activation and increased natural killer cell function, which significantly inhibited the spread of HIV in a culture of autologous CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we discovered that MGN1703-mediated activation can enhance HIV-1 transcription in CD4+ T cells, suggesting that this molecule may serve a dual purpose in HIV-1 eradication therapy: enhanced immune function and latency reversal. These findings provide a strong preclinical basis for the inclusion of MGN1703 in an HIV eradication clinical trial. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a potential role in the context of a “shock-and-kill” approach to eradicate HIV-1. Our extensive preclinical evaluation suggests that a novel TLR9 agonist, MGN1703, may indeed perform both functions in an HIV-1 eradication trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) that were incubated with MGN1703 ex vivo exhibited increased secretion of interferon alpha (IFN-α) ( P = 0.005) and CXCL10 ( P = 0.0005) in culture supernatants. Within the incubated PBMC pool, there were higher proportions of CD69-positive CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells ( P = 0.001) as well as higher proportions of CD107a-positive ( P = 0.002) and IFN-γ-producing ( P = 0.038) NK cells. Incubation with MGN1703 also increased the proportions of CD69-expressing CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Furthermore, CD4 + T cells within the pool of MGN1703-incubated PBMCs showed enhanced levels of unspliced HIV-1 RNA ( P = 0.036). Importantly, MGN1703 increased the capacity of NK cells to inhibit virus spread within a culture of autologous CD4 + T cells assessed by using an HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( P = 0.03). In conclusion, we show that MGN1703 induced strong antiviral innate immune responses, enhanced HIV-1 transcription, and boosted NK cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection in autologous CD4 + T cells. These findings support clinical testing of MGN1703 in HIV-1 eradication trials. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that MGN1703 (a TLR9 agonist currently undergoing phase 3 clinical testing for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer) induces potent antiviral responses in immune effector cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The significantly improved safety and tolerability profiles of MGN1703 versus TLR9 agonists of the CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) family are due to its novel “dumbbell-shape” structure made of covalently closed, natural DNA. In our study, we found that incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with MGN1703 results in natural killer cell activation and increased natural killer cell function, which significantly inhibited the spread of HIV in a culture of autologous CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, we discovered that MGN1703-mediated activation can enhance HIV-1 transcription in CD4 + T cells, suggesting that this molecule may serve a dual purpose in HIV-1 eradication therapy: enhanced immune function and latency reversal. These findings provide a strong preclinical basis for the inclusion of MGN1703 in an HIV eradication clinical trial. |
Author | Nissen, Sara Konstantin Søgaard, Ole Schmeltz Denton, Paul W Offersen, Rasmus Rasmussen, Thomas A Østergaard, Lars Tolstrup, Martin |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rasmus surname: Offersen fullname: Offersen, Rasmus email: rasmus.offersen@gmail.com, marttols@rm.dk organization: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark – sequence: 2 givenname: Sara Konstantin surname: Nissen fullname: Nissen, Sara Konstantin organization: Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark – sequence: 3 givenname: Thomas A surname: Rasmussen fullname: Rasmussen, Thomas A organization: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark – sequence: 4 givenname: Lars surname: Østergaard fullname: Østergaard, Lars organization: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark – sequence: 5 givenname: Paul W surname: Denton fullname: Denton, Paul W organization: Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark – sequence: 6 givenname: Ole Schmeltz surname: Søgaard fullname: Søgaard, Ole Schmeltz organization: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark – sequence: 7 givenname: Martin surname: Tolstrup fullname: Tolstrup, Martin email: rasmus.offersen@gmail.com, marttols@rm.dk organization: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26889036$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Copyright | Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 2016 American Society for Microbiology |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Citation Offersen R, Nissen SK, Rasmussen TA, Østergaard L, Denton PW, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M. 2016. A novel Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, MGN1703, enhances HIV-1 transcription and NK cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4+ T cells. J Virol 90:4441–4453. doi:10.1128/JVI.00222-16. |
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Snippet | Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a... ABSTRACT Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have a... UNLABELLEDToll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity and may also reverse HIV-1 latency. Therefore, TLR agonists have... |
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SubjectTerms | Case-Control Studies CD4 Lymphocyte Count CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - virology Cell Degranulation - drug effects Cell Degranulation - immunology Cytokines - metabolism DNA - pharmacology Gene Expression Regulation, Viral - drug effects Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors - pharmacology HIV Infections - immunology HIV Infections - metabolism HIV Infections - virology HIV-1 - drug effects HIV-1 - physiology Human immunodeficiency virus Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Humans Immunomodulation - drug effects Killer Cells, Natural - immunology Leukocytes, Mononuclear - drug effects Leukocytes, Mononuclear - immunology Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism Lymphocyte Activation - drug effects Lymphocyte Activation - immunology Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1 - genetics Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1 - metabolism NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C - genetics NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C - metabolism RNA, Viral Toll-Like Receptor 9 - antagonists & inhibitors Transcription, Genetic Vaccines and Antiviral Agents Viral Load Virus Latency |
Title | A Novel Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist, MGN1703, Enhances HIV-1 Transcription and NK Cell-Mediated Inhibition of HIV-1-Infected Autologous CD4+ T Cells |
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