Hardening of bio-silica in sponge spicules involves an aging process after its enzymatic polycondensation: Evidence for an aquaporin-mediated water absorption
Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid an...
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| Published in | Biochimica et biophysica acta Vol. 1810; no. 7; pp. 713 - 726 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.07.2011
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| Abstract | Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid and rigid biomaterial.
Cell and molecular biological techniques have been applied to analyze processes resulting in the hardening of the enzymatically synthesized bio-silica. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the studies.
Cell aggregates (primmorphs) from the sponge S. domuncula, grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, form spicules that comprise, instead of a smooth, a rough and porous surface which is decorated with irregular bio-silica deposits. During this process, the expression of the aquaporin-8 gene becomes down-regulated. Further in vitro studies showed that aquaporin is required for dehydration, and hardening of bio-silica following its enzymatic formation. The data show that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, aquaporin-8 is down-regulated. We conclude that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, the removal of reaction water, produced during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction, is inhibited.
This study highlights that besides the silicatein-driven polycondensation reaction, the spicule formation also requires a phase of syneresis that results in a hardening of the material.
► Sponges as a model system for evolution of metazoan body plans. ► Sponges as a model system for basic studies of skeleton formation in animals. ► Enzymatic polycondensation reaction for the formation of bio-silica. ► Expression of aquaporin gene for the first time shown during bio-silica formation. ► First description that bio-silica formation in animals requires a de-hydration step. |
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| AbstractList | Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid and rigid biomaterial.BACKGROUNDSpicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid and rigid biomaterial.Cell and molecular biological techniques have been applied to analyze processes resulting in the hardening of the enzymatically synthesized bio-silica. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the studies.METHODSCell and molecular biological techniques have been applied to analyze processes resulting in the hardening of the enzymatically synthesized bio-silica. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the studies.Cell aggregates (primmorphs) from the sponge S. domuncula, grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, form spicules that comprise, instead of a smooth, a rough and porous surface which is decorated with irregular bio-silica deposits. During this process, the expression of the aquaporin-8 gene becomes down-regulated. Further in vitro studies showed that aquaporin is required for dehydration, and hardening of bio-silica following its enzymatic formation. The data show that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, aquaporin-8 is down-regulated. We conclude that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, the removal of reaction water, produced during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction, is inhibited.RESULTSCell aggregates (primmorphs) from the sponge S. domuncula, grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, form spicules that comprise, instead of a smooth, a rough and porous surface which is decorated with irregular bio-silica deposits. During this process, the expression of the aquaporin-8 gene becomes down-regulated. Further in vitro studies showed that aquaporin is required for dehydration, and hardening of bio-silica following its enzymatic formation. The data show that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, aquaporin-8 is down-regulated. We conclude that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, the removal of reaction water, produced during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction, is inhibited.This study highlights that besides the silicatein-driven polycondensation reaction, the spicule formation also requires a phase of syneresis that results in a hardening of the material.GENERAL SIGNIFICANCEThis study highlights that besides the silicatein-driven polycondensation reaction, the spicule formation also requires a phase of syneresis that results in a hardening of the material. Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid and rigid biomaterial. Cell and molecular biological techniques have been applied to analyze processes resulting in the hardening of the enzymatically synthesized bio-silica. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the studies. Cell aggregates (primmorphs) from the sponge S. domuncula, grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, form spicules that comprise, instead of a smooth, a rough and porous surface which is decorated with irregular bio-silica deposits. During this process, the expression of the aquaporin-8 gene becomes down-regulated. Further in vitro studies showed that aquaporin is required for dehydration, and hardening of bio-silica following its enzymatic formation. The data show that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, aquaporin-8 is down-regulated. We conclude that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, the removal of reaction water, produced during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction, is inhibited. This study highlights that besides the silicatein-driven polycondensation reaction, the spicule formation also requires a phase of syneresis that results in a hardening of the material. BACKGROUND: Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid and rigid biomaterial. METHODS: Cell and molecular biological techniques have been applied to analyze processes resulting in the hardening of the enzymatically synthesized bio-silica. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the studies. RESULTS: Cell aggregates (primmorphs) from the sponge S. domuncula, grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, form spicules that comprise, instead of a smooth, a rough and porous surface which is decorated with irregular bio-silica deposits. During this process, the expression of the aquaporin-8 gene becomes down-regulated. Further in vitro studies showed that aquaporin is required for dehydration, and hardening of bio-silica following its enzymatic formation. The data show that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, aquaporin-8 is down-regulated. We conclude that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, the removal of reaction water, produced during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction, is inhibited. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights that besides the silicatein-driven polycondensation reaction, the spicule formation also requires a phase of syneresis that results in a hardening of the material. Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes their inorganic matrix. It remained unexplored which reactions are involved in molding of the amorphous bio-silica and formation of a solid and rigid biomaterial. Cell and molecular biological techniques have been applied to analyze processes resulting in the hardening of the enzymatically synthesized bio-silica. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used for the studies. Cell aggregates (primmorphs) from the sponge S. domuncula, grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, form spicules that comprise, instead of a smooth, a rough and porous surface which is decorated with irregular bio-silica deposits. During this process, the expression of the aquaporin-8 gene becomes down-regulated. Further in vitro studies showed that aquaporin is required for dehydration, and hardening of bio-silica following its enzymatic formation. The data show that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, aquaporin-8 is down-regulated. We conclude that in cell aggregates grown in the presence of Mn-sulfate, the removal of reaction water, produced during the bio-silica polycondensation reaction, is inhibited. This study highlights that besides the silicatein-driven polycondensation reaction, the spicule formation also requires a phase of syneresis that results in a hardening of the material. ► Sponges as a model system for evolution of metazoan body plans. ► Sponges as a model system for basic studies of skeleton formation in animals. ► Enzymatic polycondensation reaction for the formation of bio-silica. ► Expression of aquaporin gene for the first time shown during bio-silica formation. ► First description that bio-silica formation in animals requires a de-hydration step. |
| Author | Müller, Werner E.G. Wang, Xiaohong Jochum, Klaus Peter Schloßmacher, Ute Wiens, Matthias Schröder, Heinz C. |
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| Keywords | AQP Mn Bio-silica qRT-PCR DAPI Sponges IEF Spicules Primmorphs Hardening Cu TEOS PEG Zn EDX SEM Suberites domuncula HF PCR Fe |
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| Snippet | Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica, constitutes... BACKGROUND: Spicules, the siliceous skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein. The product formed, bio-silica,... |
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| SubjectTerms | absorption Absorption - drug effects Amino Acid Sequence Animals aquaporins Aquaporins - classification Aquaporins - genetics Aquaporins - metabolism Bio-silica Cathepsins - genetics Cathepsins - metabolism cell aggregates Fluorescent Antibody Technique Gene Expression - drug effects gene expression regulation genes Hardening in vitro studies Magnesium Sulfate - pharmacology Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Molecular Sequence Data Phase Transition - drug effects Phylogeny Primmorphs Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Silicon Dioxide - chemistry Silicon Dioxide - metabolism Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission Spicules Sponges Suberites - genetics Suberites - metabolism Suberites - ultrastructure Suberites domuncula Time Factors Water - metabolism |
| Title | Hardening of bio-silica in sponge spicules involves an aging process after its enzymatic polycondensation: Evidence for an aquaporin-mediated water absorption |
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