Imprints of indirect interactions on a resource-mediated ant–plant network across different levels of network organization

Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being investigated in plant–animal mutualism at the community level, indirect interactions have not been studied in resource-mediated mutualisms i...

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Published inOecologia Vol. 204; no. 3; pp. 661 - 673
Main Authors Ballarin, Caio S., Vizentin-Bugoni, Jeferson, Hachuy-Filho, Leandro, Amorim, Felipe W.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.03.2024
Springer
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Animal species
Animals
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Book publishing
Ecology
evolution
Evolutionary biology
Hydrology/Water Resources
Life Sciences
Mutualism
Nectar
Original Research
Plant nectar
Plant Sciences
Plants
species
Symbiosis
Tracking
Intrapopulation
Müller index
Extrafloral nectaries
Individual-based network
Motifs
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being investigated in plant–animal mutualism at the community level, indirect interactions have not been studied in resource-mediated mutualisms involving plant individuals that share different animal species as partners within a population (i.e., individual-based networks). Here, we analyzed an individual-based ant–plant network to evaluate how resource properties affect indirect interaction patterns and how changes in indirect links leave imprints in the network across multiple levels of network organization. Using complementary analytical approaches, we described the patterns of indirect interactions at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scale. We predicted that plants offering intermediate levels of nectar quantity and quality interact with more diverse ant assemblages. The increased number of ant species would cause a higher potential for indirect interactions in all scales evaluated. We found that nectar properties modified patterns of indirect interactions of plant individuals that share mutualistic partners, leaving imprints across different network scales. To our knowledge, this is the first study tracking indirect interactions in multiple scales within an individual-based network. We show that functional traits of interacting species, such as nectar properties, may lead to changes in indirect interactions, which could be tracked across different levels of the network organization evaluated.
AbstractList Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being investigated in plant-animal mutualism at the community level, indirect interactions have not been studied in resource-mediated mutualisms involving plant individuals that share different animal species as partners within a population (i.e., individual-based networks). Here, we analyzed an individual-based ant-plant network to evaluate how resource properties affect indirect interaction patterns and how changes in indirect links leave imprints in the network across multiple levels of network organization. Using complementary analytical approaches, we described the patterns of indirect interactions at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scale. We predicted that plants offering intermediate levels of nectar quantity and quality interact with more diverse ant assemblages. The increased number of ant species would cause a higher potential for indirect interactions in all scales evaluated. We found that nectar properties modified patterns of indirect interactions of plant individuals that share mutualistic partners, leaving imprints across different network scales. To our knowledge, this is the first study tracking indirect interactions in multiple scales within an individual-based network. We show that functional traits of interacting species, such as nectar properties, may lead to changes in indirect interactions, which could be tracked across different levels of the network organization evaluated.Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being investigated in plant-animal mutualism at the community level, indirect interactions have not been studied in resource-mediated mutualisms involving plant individuals that share different animal species as partners within a population (i.e., individual-based networks). Here, we analyzed an individual-based ant-plant network to evaluate how resource properties affect indirect interaction patterns and how changes in indirect links leave imprints in the network across multiple levels of network organization. Using complementary analytical approaches, we described the patterns of indirect interactions at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scale. We predicted that plants offering intermediate levels of nectar quantity and quality interact with more diverse ant assemblages. The increased number of ant species would cause a higher potential for indirect interactions in all scales evaluated. We found that nectar properties modified patterns of indirect interactions of plant individuals that share mutualistic partners, leaving imprints across different network scales. To our knowledge, this is the first study tracking indirect interactions in multiple scales within an individual-based network. We show that functional traits of interacting species, such as nectar properties, may lead to changes in indirect interactions, which could be tracked across different levels of the network organization evaluated.
Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being investigated in plant–animal mutualism at the community level, indirect interactions have not been studied in resource-mediated mutualisms involving plant individuals that share different animal species as partners within a population (i.e., individual-based networks). Here, we analyzed an individual-based ant–plant network to evaluate how resource properties affect indirect interaction patterns and how changes in indirect links leave imprints in the network across multiple levels of network organization. Using complementary analytical approaches, we described the patterns of indirect interactions at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scale. We predicted that plants offering intermediate levels of nectar quantity and quality interact with more diverse ant assemblages. The increased number of ant species would cause a higher potential for indirect interactions in all scales evaluated. We found that nectar properties modified patterns of indirect interactions of plant individuals that share mutualistic partners, leaving imprints across different network scales. To our knowledge, this is the first study tracking indirect interactions in multiple scales within an individual-based network. We show that functional traits of interacting species, such as nectar properties, may lead to changes in indirect interactions, which could be tracked across different levels of the network organization evaluated.
Audience Academic
Author Hachuy-Filho, Leandro
Amorim, Felipe W.
Ballarin, Caio S.
Vizentin-Bugoni, Jeferson
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38448764$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ISSN 0029-8549
1432-1939
IngestDate Tue Aug 05 10:04:57 EDT 2025
Tue Aug 05 10:46:43 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 19:09:28 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 17 21:58:29 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 10 21:02:41 EDT 2025
Fri Jun 27 05:15:27 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 06:07:07 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:46:04 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 21 02:44:02 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Keywords Intrapopulation
Müller index
Extrafloral nectaries
Individual-based network
Motifs
Language English
License 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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Snippet Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being...
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SubjectTerms Animal species
Animals
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Book publishing
Ecology
evolution
Evolutionary biology
Hydrology/Water Resources
Life Sciences
Mutualism
Nectar
Original Research
Plant nectar
Plant Sciences
Plants
species
Symbiosis
Tracking
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Title Imprints of indirect interactions on a resource-mediated ant–plant network across different levels of network organization
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