Chemical and radiological characterization of fly and bottom ash landfill of the former sulfate pulp factory Plaški and its surroundings
The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements...
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| Published in | Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering Vol. 47; no. 11; pp. 1592 - 1606 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Philadelphia, PA
Taylor & Francis Group
01.09.2012
Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Ltd |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaški landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaški landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: ²²⁶Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), ²³²Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and ²³⁸U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and ²³²Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local “background” values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. |
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| AbstractList | The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaški landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaški landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges:
226
Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99),
232
Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and
238
U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil
226
Ra and
238
U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and
232
Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local "background" values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaški landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaški landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: ²²⁶Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), ²³²Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and ²³⁸U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁸U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and ²³²Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local “background” values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaški landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaški landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: (226)Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), (232)Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and (238)U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil (226)Ra and (238)U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and (232)Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local "background" values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaski. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaski landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaski landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: 226Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), 232Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and 238U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil 226Ra and 238U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and 232Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local "background" values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaški landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaški landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: (226)Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), (232)Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and (238)U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil (226)Ra and (238)U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and (232)Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local "background" values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability.The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaški. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaški landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaški landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: (226)Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), (232)Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and (238)U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil (226)Ra and (238)U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and (232)Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local "background" values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy source in the former sulfate pulp factory in Plaski. The research involves determination of the concentration of macro, micro and trace elements and activities of the radionuclides in: (i) ash from different positions of the landfill; (ii) soil samples in the zone of the influence of the landfill; (iii) control soil samples and (iv) sediment sample from the river Dretulja. Besides, in situ measurement of an effective dose rate above ash/soil was also determined. In relation with the control soil the average increase of the concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, Th and U in the samples taken from the fly and bottom ash landfill as well as soil samples within the radius of 300 m from the landfill was 38.3, 6.7, 9.9, 8.5, 9.4, 7.2, 3.6 and 5.7 times, respectively. In these samples, the concentrations of the above mentioned elements were in the following ranges: calcium from 7.94 to 19.7 %; cadmium from 0.33 to 1.66 mg/kg; mercury from 0.18 to 0.49 mg/kg; nickel from 260 to 1500 mg/kg; selenium from 2.7 to 21 mg/kg; strontium from 176 to 542 mg/kg; thorium from 8 to 55 mg/kg and uranium from 5.6 to 19.7 mg/kg. Compared to the world's average soil concentration, uranium and thorium values increased 3.7 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mean value of the total effective dose rate measured in the air at the height of 1 m for all samples of ash and soil under the influence of the landfill was 1.60 mSv/yr. Compared to the Croatian average (0.7015 mSv/yr), the determined mean value for the Plaski landfill is two times higher. However, compared to the local background (0.14 mSv/yr), the mean value of the total effective dose rate measured above the Plaski landfill is 11.4 times higher. In the samples of ash and contaminated soil regardless of the sampling location the activity concentrations of the radionuclides in Bq/kg vary in the following ranges: super(226)Ra from 82.10 to 314.90 (mean value 145.99), super(232)Th from 32.50 to 223.60 (mean value 76.76) and super(238)U from 69.10 to 243.20 (mean value 134.38). Compared to the mean values found in the background soil super(226)Ra and super(238)U mean activity concentrations increased from 1.6 to 6.4 times and super(232)Th from 1.4 to 4.3 times. In order to reduce total effective dose rate to the local "background" values and to prevent redistribution of the radionuclides and heavy metals from the deposited material into the environment fly and bottom ash landfill must be sealed with 10 cm thick layer of the material with low permeability. |
| Author | Mikelic, Ivanka Lovrencic Kollar, Melkior Buben, Kresimir Kollar, Karlo Medunic, Gordana Oreščanin, Višnja Kollar, Robert |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.004 10.1039/b600202a 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00049-8 10.1080/10934529.2011.606423 10.1016/j.coal.2004.06.004 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.096 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.038 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.034 10.1007/s00254-005-0058-3 10.1016/S0969-8043(99)00235-3 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.025 10.1016/j.sab.2007.01.007 |
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| Copyright | Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2012 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright Taylor & Francis Ltd. 2012 |
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| DOI | 10.1080/10934529.2012.680780 |
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| Keywords | Cinders Waste dumping heavy metals In situ Samplings Sulfate pulp Combustion Radioisotope Soil pollution Plaski Uranium Ash Coal Stream Dosimetry Sampling radionuclides Reaction product total effective dose rate Permeability Sediments Heavy metal Trace element Fly and bottom ash landfill Mercury Thorium |
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| PublicationTitle | Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering |
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| References | Vaupotic J. (CIT0018) 2007; 42 Marrero J. (CIT0004) 2007; 62 Mardon S. M. (CIT0005) 2004; 59 Spears D. A. (CIT0006) 2004; 83 Moreno N. (CIT0007) 2005; 84 Köhler M. (CIT0015) 2000; 52 UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation (CIT0017) 2010 Medina A. (CIT0008) 2010; 181 Velic I. (CIT0010) 1981 Vassilev S. V. (CIT0003) 2005; 61 Kaste J. M. (CIT0014) 2006; 131 Velic I. (CIT0011) 1987; 7 UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of Atomic Radiation (CIT0013) 1993 Orescanin V. (CIT0001) 2006; 57 Orescanin V. (CIT0002) 2005; 49 Orescanin V. (CIT0012) 2011; 46 Papachristodoulou C. A. (CIT0016) 2003; 64 CIT0009 |
| References_xml | – volume: 59 start-page: 153 year: 2004 ident: CIT0005 publication-title: Int. J. Coal Geol. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2004.01.004 – volume: 131 start-page: 757 year: 2006 ident: CIT0014 publication-title: Analyst doi: 10.1039/b600202a – volume: 64 start-page: 195 year: 2003 ident: CIT0016 publication-title: J. Environ. Radioact. doi: 10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00049-8 – volume: 57 start-page: 9 issue: 1 year: 2006 ident: CIT0001 publication-title: Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. – volume: 7 start-page: 349 year: 1987 ident: CIT0011 publication-title: Geološke značajke – Geological features. Šumarski list – volume: 46 start-page: 1338 issue: 12 year: 2011 ident: CIT0012 publication-title: J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. A doi: 10.1080/10934529.2011.606423 – start-page: 1 year: 1993 ident: CIT0013 publication-title: UNSCEAR Report to General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, Annex A. United Nations, New York – ident: CIT0009 – volume-title: Basic geological map of Yugoslavia, Ogulin sheet. 1:100 000 year: 1981 ident: CIT0010 – volume: 61 start-page: 35 issue: 1 year: 2005 ident: CIT0003 publication-title: Int. J. Coal Geol. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2004.06.004 – volume: 181 start-page: 82 issue: 1 year: 2010 ident: CIT0008 publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.096 – volume: 84 start-page: 1351 year: 2005 ident: CIT0007 publication-title: Fuel doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.038 – volume: 42 start-page: 290 issue: 2 year: 2007 ident: CIT0018 publication-title: Radiat. Meas. doi: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.01.034 – volume: 49 start-page: 53 year: 2005 ident: CIT0002 publication-title: Environ. Geol. doi: 10.1007/s00254-005-0058-3 – volume: 52 start-page: 717 year: 2000 ident: CIT0015 publication-title: Appl. Radiat. Isot. doi: 10.1016/S0969-8043(99)00235-3 – volume: 83 start-page: 2265 year: 2004 ident: CIT0006 publication-title: Fuel doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.025 – start-page: 1 year: 2010 ident: CIT0017 publication-title: UNSCEAR 2008 Report to General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, Annex B. United Nations, New York – volume: 62 start-page: 101 year: 2007 ident: CIT0004 publication-title: Spectrochim. Acta B. doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2007.01.007 |
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| Snippet | The subject of this study was chemical and radiological characterization of the fly and bottom ash, by-product of the combustion of coal used as an energy... |
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| SubjectTerms | air analysis Applied sciences Ash Ashes Byproducts Cadmium calcium chemistry Coal Coal Ash Coal Ash - analysis Coal Ash - chemistry Coal Ash - toxicity combustion Contaminated sediments Continental surface waters Croatia Decontamination. Miscellaneous Dosage energy Energy sources Environmental Monitoring Environmental Restoration and Remediation Exact sciences and technology Fly and bottom ash landfill Fly ash General treatment and storage processes Heavy metals In situ measurement kraft pulp Landfill Landfills Mercury Natural water pollution Nickel permeability Plaški polluted soils Pollution Power Plants Radiation Dosage Radiation Monitoring Radioactive materials radionuclides Radium isotopes Radium radioisotopes Rivers Sediment samplers sediments Selenium Soil (material) Soil and sediments pollution Soil contamination Soil Pollutants Soil Pollutants - analysis Soil Pollutants - chemistry Soil Pollutants - toxicity Soil Pollutants, Radioactive Soil Pollutants, Radioactive - analysis Soil Pollutants, Radioactive - chemistry Soil Pollutants, Radioactive - toxicity soil sampling Spectrometry, Gamma Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission Strontium Sulfates Thorium total effective dose rate toxicity Trace elements Uranium Waste disposal sites Waste Management Wastes Water treatment and pollution |
| Title | Chemical and radiological characterization of fly and bottom ash landfill of the former sulfate pulp factory Plaški and its surroundings |
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