Changes during the weathering of polyolefins

•A comprehensive review on the reactions causing degradation during weathering and photo-oxidation.•Norrish reactions cause chain scission, but do not initialize photo-oxidation.•Radicals form in the presence of oxygen oxidation products and in the absence cross-links.•Gel formation is often not reg...

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Published inPolymer degradation and stability Vol. 181; p. 109364
Main Authors Grause, Guido, Chien, Mei-Fang, Inoue, Chihiro
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2020
Elsevier BV
Subjects
Bolland's cycle
Carbon content
Carbonyl compounds
Carbonyls
Chain scission
Charge transfer
Chemical reactions
cleavage (chemistry)
Crosslinking
crystal structure
Crystallinity
degradation
gels
Mechanical properties
Molecular chains
molecular weight
Norrish reactions
Oxidation
Oxygen
Peroxides
Photo-oxidation
photooxidation
Polyethylene
Polyethylenes
Polymers
Polyolefins
Polypropylene
polypropylenes
Seasonal variations
Studies
Ultraviolet radiation
Weathering
weight loss
Weight reduction
PP
XLPE
PLA
Pyro-GC
MAPOE
Mv
Mw
LDPE
HDPE
Photo-oxidation
EPDM
UHMWPE
Polypropylene
DSC
COC
FTIR
XPS
Bolland's cycle
SSA
Polyethylene
ESR
CI
MDPE
MAPE
Norrish reactions
Crystallinity
LLDPE
WAXS
ECO
PE
MAPP
MS-ESI
TREF
PI
MWCNT
HAS
OIT
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Abstract •A comprehensive review on the reactions causing degradation during weathering and photo-oxidation.•Norrish reactions cause chain scission, but do not initialize photo-oxidation.•Radicals form in the presence of oxygen oxidation products and in the absence cross-links.•Gel formation is often not regarded during the determination of the molecular weight.•A detailed description of the effects of weathering on polymer properties is given. Polyolefins are subject to chemical changes when they are brought in contact with the environment. In the presence of UV-radiation and oxygen, photo-oxidation causes chain scission and cross-linking in polyethylene and polypropylene. This review provides a detailed presentation of the reactions that take place and their effects on the properties of polymers. In this review, radical formation and Norrish reactions are discussed in depth, along with the formation of peroxides and carbonyl compounds. More than a dozen different types of carbonyl compounds can be observed by FTIR. While Norrish reactions are the main reason for chain scission and molecular weight reduction, the initial step of the photo-oxidation may be related to the formation of O2-polymer charge transfer complexes. Photo-oxidation takes place mainly in the amorphous region of the polymer, and polymers with a high tertiary-carbon content are more affected than those with straight chains. Chain scission occurs only in the presence of oxygen, whereas cross-linking in the absence of oxygen results in gel formation. Weathering conditions include seasonal changes, and the day-and-night cycle has a strong impact on photo-oxidation. The chemical changes occurring during weathering influence crystallinity and the mechanical properties of polyolefins. Most of the fundamental work in this field was published more than 30 years ago. It is necessary for the results of these early studies to be verified by methodologies developed in recent years.
AbstractList Polyolefins are subject to chemical changes when they are brought in contact with the environment. In the presence of UV-radiation and oxygen, photo-oxidation causes chain scission and cross-linking in polyethylene and polypropylene. This review provides a detailed presentation of the reactions that take place and their effects on the properties of polymers. In this review, radical formation and Norrish reactions are discussed in depth, along with the formation of peroxides and carbonyl compounds. More than a dozen different types of carbonyl compounds can be observed by FTIR. While Norrish reactions are the main reason for chain scission and molecular weight reduction, the initial step of the photo-oxidation may be related to the formation of O2-polymer charge transfer complexes. Photo-oxidation takes place mainly in the amorphous region of the polymer, and polymers with a high tertiary-carbon content are more affected than those with straight chains. Chain scission occurs only in the presence of oxygen, whereas cross-linking in the absence of oxygen results in gel formation. Weathering conditions include seasonal changes, and the day-and-night cycle has a strong impact on photo-oxidation. The chemical changes occurring during weathering influence crystallinity and the mechanical properties of polyolefins. Most of the fundamental work in this field was published more than 30 years ago. It is necessary for the results of these early studies to be verified by methodologies developed in recent years.
Polyolefins are subject to chemical changes when they are brought in contact with the environment. In the presence of UV-radiation and oxygen, photo-oxidation causes chain scission and cross-linking in polyethylene and polypropylene. This review provides a detailed presentation of the reactions that take place and their effects on the properties of polymers. In this review, radical formation and Norrish reactions are discussed in depth, along with the formation of peroxides and carbonyl compounds. More than a dozen different types of carbonyl compounds can be observed by FTIR. While Norrish reactions are the main reason for chain scission and molecular weight reduction, the initial step of the photo-oxidation may be related to the formation of O₂-polymer charge transfer complexes. Photo-oxidation takes place mainly in the amorphous region of the polymer, and polymers with a high tertiary-carbon content are more affected than those with straight chains. Chain scission occurs only in the presence of oxygen, whereas cross-linking in the absence of oxygen results in gel formation. Weathering conditions include seasonal changes, and the day-and-night cycle has a strong impact on photo-oxidation. The chemical changes occurring during weathering influence crystallinity and the mechanical properties of polyolefins. Most of the fundamental work in this field was published more than 30 years ago. It is necessary for the results of these early studies to be verified by methodologies developed in recent years.
•A comprehensive review on the reactions causing degradation during weathering and photo-oxidation.•Norrish reactions cause chain scission, but do not initialize photo-oxidation.•Radicals form in the presence of oxygen oxidation products and in the absence cross-links.•Gel formation is often not regarded during the determination of the molecular weight.•A detailed description of the effects of weathering on polymer properties is given. Polyolefins are subject to chemical changes when they are brought in contact with the environment. In the presence of UV-radiation and oxygen, photo-oxidation causes chain scission and cross-linking in polyethylene and polypropylene. This review provides a detailed presentation of the reactions that take place and their effects on the properties of polymers. In this review, radical formation and Norrish reactions are discussed in depth, along with the formation of peroxides and carbonyl compounds. More than a dozen different types of carbonyl compounds can be observed by FTIR. While Norrish reactions are the main reason for chain scission and molecular weight reduction, the initial step of the photo-oxidation may be related to the formation of O2-polymer charge transfer complexes. Photo-oxidation takes place mainly in the amorphous region of the polymer, and polymers with a high tertiary-carbon content are more affected than those with straight chains. Chain scission occurs only in the presence of oxygen, whereas cross-linking in the absence of oxygen results in gel formation. Weathering conditions include seasonal changes, and the day-and-night cycle has a strong impact on photo-oxidation. The chemical changes occurring during weathering influence crystallinity and the mechanical properties of polyolefins. Most of the fundamental work in this field was published more than 30 years ago. It is necessary for the results of these early studies to be verified by methodologies developed in recent years.
ArticleNumber 109364
Author Inoue, Chihiro
Chien, Mei-Fang
Grause, Guido
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Guido
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3219-5837
  surname: Grause
  fullname: Grause, Guido
  email: grause.guido.a2@tohoku.ac.jp
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Mei-Fang
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2027-9611
  surname: Chien
  fullname: Chien, Mei-Fang
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Chihiro
  surname: Inoue
  fullname: Inoue, Chihiro
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XLPE
PLA
Pyro-GC
MAPOE
Mv
Mw
LDPE
HDPE
Photo-oxidation
EPDM
UHMWPE
Polypropylene
DSC
COC
FTIR
XPS
Bolland's cycle
SSA
Polyethylene
ESR
CI
MDPE
MAPE
Norrish reactions
Crystallinity
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PE
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PI
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Snippet •A comprehensive review on the reactions causing degradation during weathering and photo-oxidation.•Norrish reactions cause chain scission, but do not...
Polyolefins are subject to chemical changes when they are brought in contact with the environment. In the presence of UV-radiation and oxygen, photo-oxidation...
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SubjectTerms Bolland's cycle
Carbon content
Carbonyl compounds
Carbonyls
Chain scission
Charge transfer
Chemical reactions
cleavage (chemistry)
Crosslinking
crystal structure
Crystallinity
degradation
gels
Mechanical properties
Molecular chains
molecular weight
Norrish reactions
Oxidation
Oxygen
Peroxides
Photo-oxidation
photooxidation
Polyethylene
Polyethylenes
Polymers
Polyolefins
Polypropylene
polypropylenes
Seasonal variations
Studies
Ultraviolet radiation
Weathering
weight loss
Weight reduction
Title Changes during the weathering of polyolefins
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109364
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