Experimental comparison of hydrothermal and vapothermal carbonization

The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densification of the energy content of biomass has been investigated systematically for the first time. Vapothermal carbonization allows for higher solid content (solid biomass mass (dry basis) per total mass of...

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Published in	Fuel processing technology Vol. 115; pp. 261 - 269
Main Authors	Funke, Axel, Reebs, Felix, Kruse, Andrea
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.11.2013 Elsevier
Subjects	Applied sciences Biological and medical sciences Biomass Biotechnology carbon dewatering Digestate drying Energy energy content Energy efficiency Exact sciences and technology feedstocks Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Hydrothermal carbonization Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects Natural energy steam Thermochemical conversion Torrefaction Vapothermal carbonization Digestate VTC TorrO daf TOC Thermochemical conversion Vapothermal carbonization TGA Torrefaction Hydrothermal carbonization HTC Energy efficiency TorrC db Thermochemical treatment Saturated vapor Biomass Anaerobic digestion Carbonization Hydrothermal treatment Energy conservation Energetic efficiency By product Comparative study
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Abstract	The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densification of the energy content of biomass has been investigated systematically for the first time. Vapothermal carbonization allows for higher solid content (solid biomass mass (dry basis) per total mass of feedstock) in the reactor because the biomass is subject to saturated steam instead of liquid water. Results from the experiments show that the process efficiency can be increased due to two reasons: the carbon losses in the liquid phase are decreased and less water needs to be heated up during carbonization. It was also observed that the carbon content of the solid product is significantly lower than that of hydrothermal carbonization at the same process conditions. As it is even lower for dry torrefaction, it is concluded that liquid water facilitates the carbonization process. Calculations based on these experimental results reveal that a mechanical dewatering of wet biomass increases the process efficiency of hydrothermal processes and should be considered in practice. Due to the low efficiency of state of the art drying, torrefaction is less efficient than vapothermal carbonization. •The effect of solid content on hydrothermal carbonization was investigated.•Water facilitates carbonization as compared to dry processes.•The carbon losses in the liquid phase decrease with higher solid content.•Dewatering of biomass raises the process efficiency of hydrothermal carbonization.•Two different solid products can be isolated and analyzed.
AbstractList	The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densification of the energy content of biomass has been investigated systematically for the first time. Vapothermal carbonization allows for higher solid content (solid biomass mass (dry basis) per total mass of feedstock) in the reactor because the biomass is subject to saturated steam instead of liquid water. Results from the experiments show that the process efficiency can be increased due to two reasons: the carbon losses in the liquid phase are decreased and less water needs to be heated up during carbonization. It was also observed that the carbon content of the solid product is significantly lower than that of hydrothermal carbonization at the same process conditions. As it is even lower for dry torrefaction, it is concluded that liquid water facilitates the carbonization process. Calculations based on these experimental results reveal that a mechanical dewatering of wet biomass increases the process efficiency of hydrothermal processes and should be considered in practice. Due to the low efficiency of state of the art drying, torrefaction is less efficient than vapothermal carbonization. The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densification of the energy content of biomass has been investigated systematically for the first time. Vapothermal carbonization allows for higher solid content (solid biomass mass (dry basis) per total mass of feedstock) in the reactor because the biomass is subject to saturated steam instead of liquid water. Results from the experiments show that the process efficiency can be increased due to two reasons: the carbon losses in the liquid phase are decreased and less water needs to be heated up during carbonization. It was also observed that the carbon content of the solid product is significantly lower than that of hydrothermal carbonization at the same process conditions. As it is even lower for dry torrefaction, it is concluded that liquid water facilitates the carbonization process. Calculations based on these experimental results reveal that a mechanical dewatering of wet biomass increases the process efficiency of hydrothermal processes and should be considered in practice. Due to the low efficiency of state of the art drying, torrefaction is less efficient than vapothermal carbonization. •The effect of solid content on hydrothermal carbonization was investigated.•Water facilitates carbonization as compared to dry processes.•The carbon losses in the liquid phase decrease with higher solid content.•Dewatering of biomass raises the process efficiency of hydrothermal carbonization.•Two different solid products can be isolated and analyzed. The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densiflcation of the energy content of biomass has been investigated systematically for the first time. Vapothermal carbonization allows for higher solid content (solid biomass mass (dry basis) per total mass of feedstock) in the reactor because the biomass is subject to saturated steam instead of liquid water. Results from the experiments show that the process efficiency can be increased due to two reasons: the carbon losses in the liquid phase are decreased and less water needs to be heated up during carbonization. It was also observed that the carbon content of the solid product is significantly lower than that of hydrothermal carbonization at the same process conditions. As it is even lower for dry torrefaction, it is concluded that liquid water facilitates the carbonization process. Calculations based on these experimental results reveal that a mechanical dewatering of wet biomass increases the process efficiency of hydrothermal processes and should be considered in practice. Due to the low efficiency of state of the art drying, torrefaction is less efficient than vapothermal carbonization.
Author	Funke, Axel Reebs, Felix Kruse, Andrea
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Axel surname: Funke fullname: Funke, Axel email: afunke@atb-potsdam.de organization: Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Felix surname: Reebs fullname: Reebs, Felix organization: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Catalysis Research Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Andrea surname: Kruse fullname: Kruse, Andrea organization: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Catalysis Research Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Keywords	Digestate VTC TorrO daf TOC Thermochemical conversion Vapothermal carbonization TGA Torrefaction Hydrothermal carbonization HTC Energy efficiency TorrC db Thermochemical treatment Saturated vapor Biomass Anaerobic digestion Carbonization Hydrothermal treatment Energy conservation Energetic efficiency By product Comparative study
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Snippet	The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densification of the energy content of biomass has been investigated... The difference between hydrothermal carbonization and vapothermal carbonization for the densiflcation of the energy content of biomass has been investigated...
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SubjectTerms	Applied sciences Biological and medical sciences Biomass Biotechnology carbon dewatering Digestate drying Energy energy content Energy efficiency Exact sciences and technology feedstocks Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Hydrothermal carbonization Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects Natural energy steam Thermochemical conversion Torrefaction Vapothermal carbonization
Title	Experimental comparison of hydrothermal and vapothermal carbonization
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