Wild meat trade over the last 45 years in the Peruvian Amazon

The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐heal...

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Published inConservation biology Vol. 36; no. 2; pp. e13801 - n/a
Main Authors Mayor, Pedro, El Bizri, Hani R., Morcatty, Thais Q., Moya, Kelly, Bendayán, Nora, Solis, Samantha, Vasconcelos Neto, Carlos F. A., Kirkland, Maire, Arevalo, Omar, Fang, Tula G., Pérez‐Peña, Pedro E., Bodmer, Richard E.
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Published United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2022
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Abstract The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild‐meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community‐based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild‐meat markets. Comercio de Carne de Monte en los Últimos 45 Años en la Amazonia Peruana Resumen El comercio de carne de monte es un componente económico importante del sustento de habitantes de zonas rurales, pero se ha percibido como una de las principales causas de la declinación de especies de vida silvestre. Recientemente, la pandemia de COVID‐19 ha traído a la luz una preocupación adicional de los mercados de vida silvestre como un reto importante para la salud humana. Analizamos datos del monitoreo longitudinal más extenso (1973‐2018) de los mercados urbanos de carne de monte más importantes en Iquitos, Perú, para examinar las tendencias y los impactos de estos mercados sobre el sustento de los habitantes. Las ventas de carne de monte incrementaron en los últimos 45 años a una tasa de 6.4 t/año (DS 2.17), en paralelo con el crecimiento de la población. Las ventas de carne de monte fueron más altas en 2018 (442 t), aportando U.S. $2.6 millones (0.76%) al producto interno bruto de la región. Cinco especies de ungulados y roedores comprendieron el 88.5% de la biomasa comercializada. Especies vulnerables y en peligro representaron 7.0% y 0.4% de los individuos vendidos, respectivamente. A pesar del incremento de las ventas, la contribución de la carne de monte al total de la dieta urbana fue constante: 1–2%/año del total de carne consumida. Este resultado se debió a una mayor disponibilidad y consumo de carnes más baratas (e. g., en 2018 la carne de pollo fue 45.8% más barata y fue la más consumida) aparejado con la falta de incentivos económicos para cosechar carne de especies silvestres en áreas rurales. La mayor parte de la carne de monte se vendía salada o ahumada, reduciendo con ello la probabilidad de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Los planes de manejo de vida silvestre basados en comunidades y la prohibición continua del comercio de primates y taxa amenazados pueden evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Considerando la reciente pandemia de COVID‐19, los planes de manejo futuros deben incluir potenciales huéspedes virales y la regulación y aplicación de prácticas de higiene en los mercados de carne de especies silvestres. 抽象 摘要: 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973–2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%–2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】 Article impact statement: Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health.
AbstractList The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild‐meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community‐based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild‐meat markets. 摘要 : 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973–2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%–2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。 【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】 Article impact statement : Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health.
The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human-health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973-2018) of the most important urban wild-meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1-2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community-based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild-meat markets.
The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild‐meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community‐based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild‐meat markets. Comercio de Carne de Monte en los Últimos 45 Años en la Amazonia Peruana Resumen El comercio de carne de monte es un componente económico importante del sustento de habitantes de zonas rurales, pero se ha percibido como una de las principales causas de la declinación de especies de vida silvestre. Recientemente, la pandemia de COVID‐19 ha traído a la luz una preocupación adicional de los mercados de vida silvestre como un reto importante para la salud humana. Analizamos datos del monitoreo longitudinal más extenso (1973‐2018) de los mercados urbanos de carne de monte más importantes en Iquitos, Perú, para examinar las tendencias y los impactos de estos mercados sobre el sustento de los habitantes. Las ventas de carne de monte incrementaron en los últimos 45 años a una tasa de 6.4 t/año (DS 2.17), en paralelo con el crecimiento de la población. Las ventas de carne de monte fueron más altas en 2018 (442 t), aportando U.S. $2.6 millones (0.76%) al producto interno bruto de la región. Cinco especies de ungulados y roedores comprendieron el 88.5% de la biomasa comercializada. Especies vulnerables y en peligro representaron 7.0% y 0.4% de los individuos vendidos, respectivamente. A pesar del incremento de las ventas, la contribución de la carne de monte al total de la dieta urbana fue constante: 1–2%/año del total de carne consumida. Este resultado se debió a una mayor disponibilidad y consumo de carnes más baratas (e. g., en 2018 la carne de pollo fue 45.8% más barata y fue la más consumida) aparejado con la falta de incentivos económicos para cosechar carne de especies silvestres en áreas rurales. La mayor parte de la carne de monte se vendía salada o ahumada, reduciendo con ello la probabilidad de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Los planes de manejo de vida silvestre basados en comunidades y la prohibición continua del comercio de primates y taxa amenazados pueden evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Considerando la reciente pandemia de COVID‐19, los planes de manejo futuros deben incluir potenciales huéspedes virales y la regulación y aplicación de prácticas de higiene en los mercados de carne de especies silvestres. 抽象 摘要: 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973–2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%–2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】 Article impact statement: Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health.
Author Vasconcelos Neto, Carlos F. A.
Mayor, Pedro
Morcatty, Thais Q.
Arevalo, Omar
Fang, Tula G.
Moya, Kelly
Bodmer, Richard E.
El Bizri, Hani R.
Bendayán, Nora
Solis, Samantha
Kirkland, Maire
Pérez‐Peña, Pedro E.
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  surname: El Bizri
  fullname: El Bizri, Hani R.
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  surname: Morcatty
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  surname: Fang
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  surname: Pérez‐Peña
  fullname: Pérez‐Peña, Pedro E.
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34190360$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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– notice: 2021. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Issue 2
Keywords wildlife trade
亚马逊
bushmeat
salud pública
公共卫生
可持续性
哺乳动物
sustainability
comercio de vida silvestre
野生动物贸易
sustentabilidad
mammals
mamíferos
mercados urbanos
urban markets
Amazonia
城市市场
Amazonía
public health
carne de monte
丛林肉
Language English
License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
2021 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.
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MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4591-10145aea5d5b9458ec1f3f115a7ba0fa82129af1521c6489d84ce37cfa3b135d3
Notes Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health.
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PublicationTitle Conservation biology
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Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Snippet The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline...
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StartPage e13801
SubjectTerms Amazonia
Amazonía
Animals
Animals, Wild
Biodiversity
Biodiversity loss
bushmeat
carne de monte
comercio de vida silvestre
Conservation of Natural Resources
COVID-19
COVID-19 - epidemiology
Economic incentives
Economics
Endangered species
Enforcement
Foodborne diseases
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
Humans
Hygiene
Incentives
Livelihoods
mammals
mamíferos
Meat
mercados urbanos
Pandemics
Peru
Population decline
Population growth
Primates
public health
Rare species
Rural areas
Sales
salud pública
sustainability
sustentabilidad
Taxa
Threatened species
Trade
Ungulates
urban markets
Urban populations
Wildlife management
wildlife trade
丛林肉
亚马逊
公共卫生
可持续性
哺乳动物
城市市场
野生动物贸易
Title Wild meat trade over the last 45 years in the Peruvian Amazon
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fcobi.13801
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34190360
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2650065653
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2546976416
Volume 36
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