Wild meat trade over the last 45 years in the Peruvian Amazon
The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐heal...
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Published in | Conservation biology Vol. 36; no. 2; pp. e13801 - n/a |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.04.2022
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Abstract | The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild‐meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community‐based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild‐meat markets.
Comercio de Carne de Monte en los Últimos 45 Años en la Amazonia Peruana
Resumen
El comercio de carne de monte es un componente económico importante del sustento de habitantes de zonas rurales, pero se ha percibido como una de las principales causas de la declinación de especies de vida silvestre. Recientemente, la pandemia de COVID‐19 ha traído a la luz una preocupación adicional de los mercados de vida silvestre como un reto importante para la salud humana. Analizamos datos del monitoreo longitudinal más extenso (1973‐2018) de los mercados urbanos de carne de monte más importantes en Iquitos, Perú, para examinar las tendencias y los impactos de estos mercados sobre el sustento de los habitantes. Las ventas de carne de monte incrementaron en los últimos 45 años a una tasa de 6.4 t/año (DS 2.17), en paralelo con el crecimiento de la población. Las ventas de carne de monte fueron más altas en 2018 (442 t), aportando U.S. $2.6 millones (0.76%) al producto interno bruto de la región. Cinco especies de ungulados y roedores comprendieron el 88.5% de la biomasa comercializada. Especies vulnerables y en peligro representaron 7.0% y 0.4% de los individuos vendidos, respectivamente. A pesar del incremento de las ventas, la contribución de la carne de monte al total de la dieta urbana fue constante: 1–2%/año del total de carne consumida. Este resultado se debió a una mayor disponibilidad y consumo de carnes más baratas (e. g., en 2018 la carne de pollo fue 45.8% más barata y fue la más consumida) aparejado con la falta de incentivos económicos para cosechar carne de especies silvestres en áreas rurales. La mayor parte de la carne de monte se vendía salada o ahumada, reduciendo con ello la probabilidad de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Los planes de manejo de vida silvestre basados en comunidades y la prohibición continua del comercio de primates y taxa amenazados pueden evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Considerando la reciente pandemia de COVID‐19, los planes de manejo futuros deben incluir potenciales huéspedes virales y la regulación y aplicación de prácticas de higiene en los mercados de carne de especies silvestres.
抽象
摘要: 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973–2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%–2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement: Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health. |
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AbstractList | The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild‐meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community‐based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild‐meat markets.
摘要
: 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973–2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%–2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。
【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement
: Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health. The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human-health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973-2018) of the most important urban wild-meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1-2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community-based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild-meat markets. The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human‐health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973–2018) of the most important urban wild‐meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1–2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community‐based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild‐meat markets. Comercio de Carne de Monte en los Últimos 45 Años en la Amazonia Peruana Resumen El comercio de carne de monte es un componente económico importante del sustento de habitantes de zonas rurales, pero se ha percibido como una de las principales causas de la declinación de especies de vida silvestre. Recientemente, la pandemia de COVID‐19 ha traído a la luz una preocupación adicional de los mercados de vida silvestre como un reto importante para la salud humana. Analizamos datos del monitoreo longitudinal más extenso (1973‐2018) de los mercados urbanos de carne de monte más importantes en Iquitos, Perú, para examinar las tendencias y los impactos de estos mercados sobre el sustento de los habitantes. Las ventas de carne de monte incrementaron en los últimos 45 años a una tasa de 6.4 t/año (DS 2.17), en paralelo con el crecimiento de la población. Las ventas de carne de monte fueron más altas en 2018 (442 t), aportando U.S. $2.6 millones (0.76%) al producto interno bruto de la región. Cinco especies de ungulados y roedores comprendieron el 88.5% de la biomasa comercializada. Especies vulnerables y en peligro representaron 7.0% y 0.4% de los individuos vendidos, respectivamente. A pesar del incremento de las ventas, la contribución de la carne de monte al total de la dieta urbana fue constante: 1–2%/año del total de carne consumida. Este resultado se debió a una mayor disponibilidad y consumo de carnes más baratas (e. g., en 2018 la carne de pollo fue 45.8% más barata y fue la más consumida) aparejado con la falta de incentivos económicos para cosechar carne de especies silvestres en áreas rurales. La mayor parte de la carne de monte se vendía salada o ahumada, reduciendo con ello la probabilidad de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Los planes de manejo de vida silvestre basados en comunidades y la prohibición continua del comercio de primates y taxa amenazados pueden evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Considerando la reciente pandemia de COVID‐19, los planes de manejo futuros deben incluir potenciales huéspedes virales y la regulación y aplicación de prácticas de higiene en los mercados de carne de especies silvestres. 抽象 摘要: 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973–2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%–2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】 Article impact statement: Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health. |
Author | Vasconcelos Neto, Carlos F. A. Mayor, Pedro Morcatty, Thais Q. Arevalo, Omar Fang, Tula G. Moya, Kelly Bodmer, Richard E. El Bizri, Hani R. Bendayán, Nora Solis, Samantha Kirkland, Maire Pérez‐Peña, Pedro E. |
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BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34190360$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | wildlife trade 亚马逊 bushmeat salud pública 公共卫生 可持续性 哺乳动物 sustainability comercio de vida silvestre 野生动物贸易 sustentabilidad mammals mamíferos mercados urbanos urban markets Amazonia 城市市场 Amazonía public health carne de monte 丛林肉 |
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Notes | Community‐based wildlife management, trade bans for threatened taxa and enforced hygiene practices in wild meat markets are needed to protect biodiversity and public health. Article impact statement ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
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References | 2004; 188 2019; 7 2017; 6 2015; 5 2021; 42 2021; 4 2020; 40 2009 2008 2020; 16 2020; 15 2004 2020; 34 2020; 287 2003; 18 2003 1991 2017; 212 1976; 6 2020; 18 2021; 35 2017; 31 2014; 3 2014; 2 2015; 20 1997; 14 1982; 9 2018 2001; 15 2014 2000; 122 2013 2017; 225 2014; 11 Van Vliet N. (e_1_2_6_37_1) 2014; 3 Castro N. (e_1_2_6_11_1) 1976; 6 Merode E. (e_1_2_6_16_1) 2004; 188 e_1_2_6_10_1 DDPI –Mincetur (e_1_2_6_15_1) 2018 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 Scolari G. (e_1_2_6_34_1) 2003 Van Vliet N. (e_1_2_6_36_1) 2017; 6 Bendayan N. (e_1_2_6_3_1) 2004 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 Pérez‐Peña P. E. (e_1_2_6_32_1) 2018 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_39_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 Bendayan N (e_1_2_6_4_1) 1991 e_1_2_6_20_1 Fang T. (e_1_2_6_19_1) 2008 Buppert T. (e_1_2_6_9_1) 2013 Blanck M. (e_1_2_6_5_1) 2014 Bardales‐García J. (e_1_2_6_2_1) 2004 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 Soplin L. A. (e_1_2_6_35_1) 2013 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 Hessling M. (e_1_2_6_21_1) 2020; 15 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 |
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SubjectTerms | Amazonia Amazonía Animals Animals, Wild Biodiversity Biodiversity loss bushmeat carne de monte comercio de vida silvestre Conservation of Natural Resources COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Economic incentives Economics Endangered species Enforcement Foodborne diseases GDP Gross Domestic Product Humans Hygiene Incentives Livelihoods mammals mamíferos Meat mercados urbanos Pandemics Peru Population decline Population growth Primates public health Rare species Rural areas Sales salud pública sustainability sustentabilidad Taxa Threatened species Trade Ungulates urban markets Urban populations Wildlife management wildlife trade 丛林肉 亚马逊 公共卫生 可持续性 哺乳动物 城市市场 野生动物贸易 |
Title | Wild meat trade over the last 45 years in the Peruvian Amazon |
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