Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18–39 y

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 98; no. 6; pp. 1502 - 1513
• Main Authors: Cogswell, Mary E, Wang, Chia-Yih, Chen, Te-Ching, Pfeiffer, Christine M, Elliott, Paul, Gillespie, Cathleen D, Carriquiry, Alicia L, Sempos, Christopher T, Liu, Kiang, Perrine, Cria G, Swanson, Christine A, Caldwell, Kathleen L, Loria, Catherine M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD American Society for Clinical Nutrition 01.12.2013; American Society for Nutrition
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; adults; Algorithms; Biological and medical sciences; Black or African American; blood pressure; Circadian Rhythm; clinical nutrition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet - ethnology; District of Columbia; equations; excretion; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; females; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Male; monitoring; Nutrition Surveys - methods; prediction; races; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Characteristics; sodium; Sodium - urine; Sodium, Dietary - administration & dosage; Sodium, Dietary - adverse effects; urine; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Young Adult; District of Columbia; Urine; Biological fluid; Validity; Excretion; Nutrition; Sodium; Modeling
• DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.059436
• ISSN: 0002-9165

Background: Collecting a 24-h urine sample is recommended for monitoring the mean population sodium intake, but implementation can be difficult.Objective: The objective was to assess the validity of published equations by using spot urinary sodium concentrations to predict 24-h sodium excretion.Design: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted from June to August 2011 in metropolitan Washington, DC, of 407 adults aged 18–39 y, 48% black, who collected each urine void in a separate container for 24 h. Four timed voids (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) were selected from each 24-h collection. Published equations were used to predict 24-h sodium excretion with spot urine by specimen timing and race-sex subgroups. We examined mean differences with measured 24-h sodium excretion (bias) and individual differences with the use of Bland-Altman plots.Results: Across equations and specimens, mean bias in predicting 24-h sodium excretion for all participants ranged from −267 to 1300 mg (Kawasaki equation). Bias was least with International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) equations with morning (−165 mg; 95% CI: −295, 36 mg), afternoon (−90 mg; −208, 28 mg), and evening (−120 mg; −230, −11 mg) specimens. With overnight specimens, mean bias was least when the Tanaka (−23 mg; 95% CI: −141, 95 mg) or Mage (−145 mg; −314, 25 mg) equations were used but was statistically significant when using the Tanaka equations among females (216 to 243 mg) and the Mage equations among races other than black (−554 to −372 mg). Significant over- and underprediction occurred across individual sodium excretion concentrations.Conclusions: Using a single spot urine, INTERSALT equations may provide the least biased information about population mean sodium intakes among young US adults. None of the equations evaluated provided unbiased estimates of individual 24-h sodium excretion. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01631240.