Nutritive Value of 11 Bee Pollen Samples from Major Floral Sources in Taiwan

Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich food that meets the nutritional requirements of honey bees and supports human health. This study aimed to provide nutritive composition data for 11 popular bee pollen samples (Brassica napus (Bn), Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Bp), Camellia sinensis (Cs), Fraxinus griffit...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inFoods Vol. 10; no. 9; p. 2229
Main Authors Hsu, Pei-Shou, Wu, Tzu-Hsien, Huang, Meng-Yuan, Wang, Dun-Yan, Wu, Ming-Cheng
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 20.09.2021
MDPI
Subjects
amino acid
Amino acids
bee pollen
Beekeeping
Bees
Brassica
Brassica napus
Carbohydrates
Dietary supplements
fatty acid
Fatty acids
Food science
Histidine
Honey
Isoleucine
Laboratories
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Lipids
macronutrients
Methionine
Natural products
Nutrient content
Nutrient requirements
Nutrient sources
Nutrition
Nutritional requirements
Nutritive value
Oleic acid
Palmitic acid
Pollen
Proteins
Stearic acid
Sugar
Tryptophan
Valine
United States > US
China
Taiwan
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich food that meets the nutritional requirements of honey bees and supports human health. This study aimed to provide nutritive composition data for 11 popular bee pollen samples (Brassica napus (Bn), Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Bp), Camellia sinensis (Cs), Fraxinus griffithii (Fg), Prunus mume (Pm), Rhus chinensis var. roxburghii (Rc), Bombax ceiba (Bc), Hylocereus costaricensis (Hc), Liquidambar formosana (Lf), Nelumbo nucifera (Nn), and Zea mays (Zm)) in Taiwan for the global bee pollen database. Macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, were analyzed, which revealed that Bp had the highest carbohydrate content of 78.8 g/100 g dry mass, Bc had the highest protein content of 32.2 g/100 g dry mass, and Hc had the highest lipid content of 8.8 g/100 g dry mass. Only the bee pollen Hc completely met the minimum requirements of essential amino acids for bees and humans, and the other bee pollen samples contained at least 1–3 different limiting essential amino acids, i.e., methionine, tryptophan, histidine, valine, and isoleucine. Regarding the fatty acid profile of bee pollen samples, palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3) were predominant fatty acids that accounted for 66.0–97.4% of total fatty acids. These data serve as an indicator of the nutritional quality and value of the 11 bee pollen samples.
AbstractList Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich food that meets the nutritional requirements of honey bees and supports human health. This study aimed to provide nutritive composition data for 11 popular bee pollen samples (Brassica napus (Bn), Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Bp), Camellia sinensis (Cs), Fraxinus griffithii (Fg), Prunus mume (Pm), Rhus chinensis var. roxburghii (Rc), Bombax ceiba (Bc), Hylocereus costaricensis (Hc), Liquidambar formosana (Lf), Nelumbo nucifera (Nn), and Zea mays (Zm)) in Taiwan for the global bee pollen database. Macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, were analyzed, which revealed that Bp had the highest carbohydrate content of 78.8 g/100 g dry mass, Bc had the highest protein content of 32.2 g/100 g dry mass, and Hc had the highest lipid content of 8.8 g/100 g dry mass. Only the bee pollen Hc completely met the minimum requirements of essential amino acids for bees and humans, and the other bee pollen samples contained at least 1–3 different limiting essential amino acids, i.e., methionine, tryptophan, histidine, valine, and isoleucine. Regarding the fatty acid profile of bee pollen samples, palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3) were predominant fatty acids that accounted for 66.0–97.4% of total fatty acids. These data serve as an indicator of the nutritional quality and value of the 11 bee pollen samples.
Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich food that meets the nutritional requirements of honey bees and supports human health. This study aimed to provide nutritive composition data for 11 popular bee pollen samples ( Brassica napus (Bn), Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Bp), Camellia sinensis (Cs), Fraxinus griffithii (Fg), Prunus mume (Pm), Rhus chinensis var. roxburghii (Rc), Bombax ceiba (Bc), Hylocereus costaricensis (Hc), Liquidambar formosana (Lf), Nelumbo nucifera (Nn), and Zea mays (Zm)) in Taiwan for the global bee pollen database. Macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, were analyzed, which revealed that Bp had the highest carbohydrate content of 78.8 g/100 g dry mass, Bc had the highest protein content of 32.2 g/100 g dry mass, and Hc had the highest lipid content of 8.8 g/100 g dry mass. Only the bee pollen Hc completely met the minimum requirements of essential amino acids for bees and humans, and the other bee pollen samples contained at least 1–3 different limiting essential amino acids, i.e., methionine, tryptophan, histidine, valine, and isoleucine. Regarding the fatty acid profile of bee pollen samples, palmitic acid (C 16:0 ), stearic acid (C 18:0 ), oleic acid (C 18:1 ), linoleic acid (C 18:2 ), and linolenic acid (C 18:3 ) were predominant fatty acids that accounted for 66.0–97.4% of total fatty acids. These data serve as an indicator of the nutritional quality and value of the 11 bee pollen samples.
Author Hsu, Pei-Shou
Wang, Dun-Yan
Wu, Ming-Cheng
Wu, Tzu-Hsien
Huang, Meng-Yuan
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; pshsu@mdais.gov.tw (P.-S.H.); thwu@mdais.gov.tw (T.-H.W.); rocker840308@gmail.com (D.-Y.W.)
2 Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli 363201, Taiwan
3 College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; hmy6@nchu.edu.tw
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; hmy6@nchu.edu.tw
– name: 2 Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli 363201, Taiwan
– name: 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan; pshsu@mdais.gov.tw (P.-S.H.); thwu@mdais.gov.tw (T.-H.W.); rocker840308@gmail.com (D.-Y.W.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Pei-Shou
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1815-4935
  surname: Hsu
  fullname: Hsu, Pei-Shou
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Tzu-Hsien
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, Tzu-Hsien
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Meng-Yuan
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3696-4827
  surname: Huang
  fullname: Huang, Meng-Yuan
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Dun-Yan
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1484-0345
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Dun-Yan
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Ming-Cheng
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1837-6826
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, Ming-Cheng
BookMark eNpdkc9vFSEQx4mpsbX26J3Ei5dVYNhduJho02qT54-k1Sth2aHywi5P2K3xv5f6GuOTC4T55JOZ7zwlR3OakZDnnL0C0Oy1T2ksnDEthNCPyIkAJhvFW3X0z_uYnJWyZfVoDgrEE3IMsu1lNZyQzad1yWEJd0i_2bgiTZ5yTt8h0i8pRpzptZ12EQv1OU30o92mTC9jyjbS67RmVythpjc2_LTzM_LY21jw7OE-JV8vL27OPzSbz--vzt9uGidbtTRKcWaBO9Gxnve8BZByEKyziJJLVFaAtkr3QruRq0EAAgcvvVRjz93I4JRc7b1jsluzy2Gy-ZdJNpg_HynfGpuX4CKaYRytAu8ZaifBc4WD6NCCcoNwquur683etVuHCUeH81JnO5AeVubw3dymO6NkpzmDKnj5IMjpx4plMVMoDmO0M6a1GNH2vWy7jsmKvvgP3dYI5xrVPdVJBpWsVLOnXE6lZPR_m-HM3K_dHKwdfgNpi567
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1111_1750_3841_16928
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu15102413
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules29112605
crossref_primary_10_3389_fsufs_2024_1411410
crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox13030292
crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202400117
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_indcrop_2023_117646
crossref_primary_10_1093_conphys_coac084
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28237768
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11244013
crossref_primary_10_15835_nbha50212644
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11172633
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods12173164
Cites_doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0072016
10.1080/0005772X.2001.11099504
10.1177/2156587213488788
10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02859.x
10.1021/jf304056b
10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.001
10.1071/EA03188
10.1126/science.271.5257.1851
10.3389/fphys.2017.00902
10.1016/j.fbio.2018.08.001
10.1371/journal.pone.0241393
10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.06.003
10.1007/s10068-013-0238-y
10.1111/jpn.13049
10.1016/j.aspen.2017.01.009
10.1007/978-981-10-8222-1
10.3390/molecules25030556
10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.12.001
10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00938.x
10.1093/nutrit/nuw044
10.1038/s41467-018-05614-6
10.1007/s11694-019-00084-w
10.1007/s13592-012-0166-5
10.2307/2446155
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41289-0
10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049
10.1371/journal.pone.0037945
10.1021/jf960265q
10.1080/00218839.2016.1173353
10.1007/s10555-012-9401-9
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01001
10.3390/antiox8120568
10.1016/S0002-8223(21)01177-9
10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103906
10.1038/s41598-017-04879-z
10.1590/S0001-37652009000200014
10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38861-1
10.3390/ijms130911173
10.3390/antiox10050651
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33637-2
10.1080/00218839.2008.11101443
10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104074
10.1007/BF00984102
10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.023
10.1371/journal.pone.0000508
10.1021/ac801791a
10.1073/pnas.1517375112
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2021 by the authors. 2021
Copyright_xml – notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2021 by the authors. 2021
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
3V.
7QR
7T7
7X2
8FD
8FE
8FH
8FK
ABUWG
AFKRA
ATCPS
AZQEC
BENPR
BHPHI
C1K
CCPQU
DWQXO
FR3
HCIFZ
M0K
P64
PIMPY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/foods10092229
DatabaseName CrossRef
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Chemoreception Abstracts
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
Agricultural Science Collection
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
Engineering Research Database
SciTech Premium Collection
Agricultural Science Database
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Agricultural Science Database
Publicly Available Content Database
Technology Research Database
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Agricultural Science Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection
Chemoreception Abstracts
Engineering Research Database
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList Agricultural Science Database

CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Diet & Clinical Nutrition
EISSN 2304-8158
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_bdda83ff0e9c43f18eb26ea38cb2c867
10_3390_foods10092229
GeographicLocations United States--US
China
Taiwan
GeographicLocations_xml – name: China
– name: Taiwan
– name: United States--US
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
7X2
8FE
8FH
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAYXX
ADBBV
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
ATCPS
BCNDV
BENPR
BHPHI
CCPQU
CITATION
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
HYE
IAO
ITC
KQ8
M0K
M48
MODMG
M~E
OK1
PIMPY
PROAC
RIG
RPM
3V.
7QR
7T7
8FD
8FK
ABUWG
AZQEC
C1K
DWQXO
FR3
P64
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
7X8
OZF
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c458t-8810a31c260717153344b206aee414e8a239a89729cd18b23e313f4f48d71cd03
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2304-8158
IngestDate Fri Oct 04 13:13:10 EDT 2024
Tue Sep 17 21:24:20 EDT 2024
Fri Jun 28 13:02:17 EDT 2024
Thu Oct 10 15:40:50 EDT 2024
Thu Sep 26 21:07:27 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 9
Language English
License Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c458t-8810a31c260717153344b206aee414e8a239a89729cd18b23e313f4f48d71cd03
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-1815-4935
0000-0003-1484-0345
0000-0002-3696-4827
0000-0003-1837-6826
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8469103/
PMID 34574339
PQID 2576403745
PQPubID 2032399
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_bdda83ff0e9c43f18eb26ea38cb2c867
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8469103
proquest_miscellaneous_2577456604
proquest_journals_2576403745
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods10092229
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20210920
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-09-20
PublicationDate_xml – month: 9
  year: 2021
  text: 20210920
  day: 20
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Basel
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Basel
PublicationTitle Foods
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Estevinho (ref_56) 2018; 25
Saini (ref_62) 2018; 203
Thakur (ref_3) 2020; 98
ref_14
ref_52
ref_51
(ref_24) 1953; 3
ref_19
ref_18
ref_17
Manning (ref_26) 2001; 82
Khider (ref_58) 2013; 22
Ma (ref_31) 2015; 59
Lepage (ref_50) 1986; 27
ref_25
Simpson (ref_47) 1976; 251
Taha (ref_20) 2019; 26
Modro (ref_10) 2009; 81
Sang (ref_38) 1997; 84
Pfaff (ref_68) 2018; 9
Campos (ref_12) 2008; 47
(ref_53) 2006; 50
Liolios (ref_60) 2019; 13
(ref_6) 1997; 45
ref_27
Kang (ref_61) 2013; 32
Arien (ref_29) 2018; 9
Human (ref_8) 2006; 67
Siede (ref_57) 2012; 58
Estevinho (ref_7) 2012; 47
Glick (ref_63) 2013; 18
Plettner (ref_64) 1996; 271
ref_36
ref_35
Carta (ref_67) 2017; 8
ref_34
ref_33
ref_32
Wu (ref_65) 2017; 7
Abdelnour (ref_4) 2019; 103
Martins (ref_9) 2011; 55
Schulte (ref_11) 2008; 80
Arien (ref_30) 2020; 124
Ford (ref_39) 2009; 159
Olczyk (ref_1) 2015; 2015
Souza (ref_66) 2013; 13
Bell (ref_49) 1991; 91
Nogueira (ref_59) 2012; 13
ref_37
Thakur (ref_55) 2018; 57
Yang (ref_16) 2013; 61
Nicolson (ref_22) 2012; 44
Roulston (ref_13) 2000; 222
ref_46
Liolios (ref_15) 2016; 54
ref_43
Hendriksma (ref_23) 2019; 117
ref_42
Somerville (ref_21) 2006; 46
ref_41
ref_40
Mitchell (ref_48) 1946; 163
ref_2
Ghosh (ref_54) 2017; 20
ref_5
(ref_44) 2017; 75
Yang (ref_45) 2005; 33
Arien (ref_28) 2015; 112
References_xml – volume: 55
  start-page: 107
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Physicochemical composition of bee pollen from eleven Brazilian states
  publication-title: J. Apic. Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Martins
– ident: ref_18
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072016
– volume: 82
  start-page: 60
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: Fatty acids in pollen: A review of their importance for honey bees
  publication-title: Bee World
  doi: 10.1080/0005772X.2001.11099504
  contributor:
    fullname: Manning
– ident: ref_32
– volume: 18
  start-page: 268
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: The role of essential fatty acids in human health
  publication-title: Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med.
  doi: 10.1177/2156587213488788
  contributor:
    fullname: Glick
– volume: 47
  start-page: 429
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Portuguese bee pollen: Palynological study, nutritional and microbiological evaluation
  publication-title: Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02859.x
  contributor:
    fullname: Estevinho
– ident: ref_51
– volume: 61
  start-page: 708
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Characterization of chemical composition of bee pollen in China
  publication-title: J. Agric. Food Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/jf304056b
  contributor:
    fullname: Yang
– volume: 98
  start-page: 82
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Composition and functionality of bee pollen: A review
  publication-title: Trends Food Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.001
  contributor:
    fullname: Thakur
– volume: 46
  start-page: 141
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Crude protein and amino acid composition of honey bee-collected pollen pellets from south-east Australia and a note on laboratory disparity
  publication-title: Aust. J. Exp. Agric.
  doi: 10.1071/EA03188
  contributor:
    fullname: Somerville
– volume: 271
  start-page: 1851
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Caste-selective pheromone biosynthesis in honeybees
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.271.5257.1851
  contributor:
    fullname: Plettner
– volume: 13
  start-page: 201
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: An overview of the modulatory effects of oleic acid in health and disease
  publication-title: Mini Rev. Med. Chem.
  contributor:
    fullname: Souza
– volume: 8
  start-page: 902
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: Palmitic Acid: Physiological Role, Metabolism and Nutritional Implications
  publication-title: Front. Physiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00902
  contributor:
    fullname: Carta
– volume: 25
  start-page: 91
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: A multivariate approach based on physicochemical parameters and biological potential for the botanical and geographical discrimination of Brazilian bee pollen
  publication-title: Food Biosci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.08.001
  contributor:
    fullname: Estevinho
– ident: ref_42
– ident: ref_35
– ident: ref_5
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241393
– volume: 26
  start-page: 232
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Protein content and amino acids composition of bee-pollens from major floral sources in Al-Ahsa, eastern Saudi Arabia
  publication-title: Saudi J. Biol. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.06.003
  contributor:
    fullname: Taha
– volume: 57
  start-page: 328
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: Assessment of physico-chemical properties, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral profile of bee pollen from India with a multivariate perspective
  publication-title: J. Food Nutr. Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Thakur
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: Egyptian honeybee pollen as antimicrobial, antioxidant agents, and dietary food supplements
  publication-title: Food Sci. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s10068-013-0238-y
  contributor:
    fullname: Khider
– volume: 103
  start-page: 477
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Beneficial impacts of bee pollen in animal production, reproduction and health
  publication-title: J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr.
  doi: 10.1111/jpn.13049
  contributor:
    fullname: Abdelnour
– volume: 20
  start-page: 245
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Nutritional value of bee-collected pollens of hardy kiwi, Actinidia arguta (Actinidiaceae) and oak, Quercus sp. (Fagaceae)
  publication-title: J. Asia Pac. Entomol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.aspen.2017.01.009
  contributor:
    fullname: Ghosh
– ident: ref_27
– ident: ref_34
  doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8222-1
– ident: ref_52
– ident: ref_2
  doi: 10.3390/molecules25030556
– volume: 58
  start-page: 278
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Evaluation of the nutritive value of maize for honey bees
  publication-title: J. Insect Physiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.12.001
  contributor:
    fullname: Siede
– volume: 59
  start-page: 63
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Nutritional effect of alpha-linolenic acid on honey bee colony development (Apis Mellifera L.)
  publication-title: J. Apic. Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Ma
– volume: 2015
  start-page: 297425
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Bee pollen: Chemical composition and therapeutic application
  publication-title: Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.
  contributor:
    fullname: Olczyk
– volume: 159
  start-page: 1
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Selection of candidate DNA barcoding regions for use on land plants
  publication-title: Bot. J. Linn. Soc.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00938.x
  contributor:
    fullname: Ford
– volume: 33
  start-page: 1596
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Analysis of carbohydrates in tobacco extract by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector
  publication-title: Chin. J. Anal. Chem.
  contributor:
    fullname: Yang
– ident: ref_41
– volume: 75
  start-page: 37
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Calculating the metabolizable energy of macronutrients: A critical review of Atwater’s results
  publication-title: Nutr. Rev.
  doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw044
– volume: 9
  start-page: 3129
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: Dietary stearic acid regulates mitochondria in vivo in humans
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05614-6
  contributor:
    fullname: Pfaff
– volume: 13
  start-page: 1674
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Mineral content in monofloral bee pollen: Investigation of the effect of the botanical and geographical origin
  publication-title: J. Food Meas. Charact.
  doi: 10.1007/s11694-019-00084-w
  contributor:
    fullname: Liolios
– volume: 44
  start-page: 144
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Chemical composition of the low quality pollen of sunflower (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae)
  publication-title: Apidologie
  doi: 10.1007/s13592-012-0166-5
  contributor:
    fullname: Nicolson
– volume: 84
  start-page: 1120
  year: 1997
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)
  publication-title: Am. J. Bot.
  doi: 10.2307/2446155
  contributor:
    fullname: Sang
– volume: 163
  start-page: 599
  year: 1946
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Some relationships between the amino acid contents of proteins and their nutritive values for the rat
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41289-0
  contributor:
    fullname: Mitchell
– volume: 203
  start-page: 255
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance—A review
  publication-title: Life Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049
  contributor:
    fullname: Saini
– ident: ref_37
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037945
– volume: 45
  start-page: 725
  year: 1997
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Nutrient composition and microbiological quality of honeybee-collected pollen in Spain
  publication-title: J. Agric. Food Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/jf960265q
– volume: 54
  start-page: 582
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Ranking pollen from bee plants according to their protein contribution to honey bees
  publication-title: J. Apic. Res.
  doi: 10.1080/00218839.2016.1173353
  contributor:
    fullname: Liolios
– volume: 32
  start-page: 201
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: The role of the tissue omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in regulating tumor angiogenesis
  publication-title: Cancer Metastasis Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s10555-012-9401-9
  contributor:
    fullname: Kang
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1001
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Omega-6:3 ratio more than absolute lipid level in diet affects associative learning in honey bees
  publication-title: Front. Psychol.
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01001
  contributor:
    fullname: Arien
– ident: ref_19
  doi: 10.3390/antiox8120568
– ident: ref_40
– ident: ref_14
– volume: 91
  start-page: 586
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: A chemical score to evaluate the protein quality of commercial parenteral and enteral formulas: Emphasis on formulas for patients with liver failure
  publication-title: J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
  doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(21)01177-9
  contributor:
    fullname: Bell
– volume: 117
  start-page: 103906
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation to promote honey bee gland and muscle development in cages and colonies
  publication-title: J. Insect Physiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103906
  contributor:
    fullname: Hendriksma
– volume: 7
  start-page: 4530
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Comparative transcriptome analysis on the synthesis pathway of honey bee (Apis mellifera) mandibular gland secretions
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04879-z
  contributor:
    fullname: Wu
– volume: 50
  start-page: 91
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Protein content and amino acids compositon of bee-collected pollen originating from Poland, South Korea and China
  publication-title: J. Apic. Sci.
– volume: 81
  start-page: 281
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Analysis of pollen load based on color, physicochemical composition and botanical source
  publication-title: An. Acad. Bras. Cienc.
  doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652009000200014
  contributor:
    fullname: Modro
– volume: 27
  start-page: 114
  year: 1986
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in a one-step reaction
  publication-title: J. Lipid Res.
  doi: 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38861-1
  contributor:
    fullname: Lepage
– ident: ref_25
– ident: ref_33
– volume: 13
  start-page: 11173
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: Commercial bee pollen with different geographical origins: A comprehensive approach
  publication-title: Int. J. Mol. Sci.
  doi: 10.3390/ijms130911173
  contributor:
    fullname: Nogueira
– ident: ref_17
  doi: 10.3390/antiox10050651
– ident: ref_46
– volume: 251
  start-page: 1936
  year: 1976
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Complete amino acid analysis of proteins from a single hydrolysate
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33637-2
  contributor:
    fullname: Simpson
– volume: 47
  start-page: 154
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods
  publication-title: J. Apic. Res.
  doi: 10.1080/00218839.2008.11101443
  contributor:
    fullname: Campos
– volume: 124
  start-page: 104074
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Effect of diet lipids and omega-6:3 ratio on honey bee brood development, adult survival and body composition
  publication-title: J. Insect Physiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104074
  contributor:
    fullname: Arien
– volume: 222
  start-page: 187
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals
  publication-title: Plant. Syst. Evol.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00984102
  contributor:
    fullname: Roulston
– ident: ref_43
– volume: 67
  start-page: 1486
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Nutritional content of fresh, bee-collected and stored pollen of Aloe greatheadii var. davyana (Asphodelaceae)
  publication-title: Phytochemistry
  doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.023
  contributor:
    fullname: Human
– ident: ref_36
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000508
– volume: 80
  start-page: 9551
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: Chemical characterization and classification of pollen
  publication-title: Anal. Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/ac801791a
  contributor:
    fullname: Schulte
– volume: 112
  start-page: 15761
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Omega-3 deficiency impairs honey bee learning
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1517375112
  contributor:
    fullname: Arien
– volume: 3
  start-page: 197
  year: 1953
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Protein and amino acid requirements of the honeybee (Apis mellifica L.)
  publication-title: Physiologia Comparata et Oecologia
SSID ssj0000913832
Score 2.3241398
Snippet Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich food that meets the nutritional requirements of honey bees and supports human health. This study aimed to provide nutritive...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
StartPage 2229
SubjectTerms amino acid
Amino acids
bee pollen
Beekeeping
Bees
Brassica
Brassica napus
Carbohydrates
Dietary supplements
fatty acid
Fatty acids
Food science
Histidine
Honey
Isoleucine
Laboratories
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Lipids
macronutrients
Methionine
Natural products
Nutrient content
Nutrient requirements
Nutrient sources
Nutrition
Nutritional requirements
Nutritive value
Oleic acid
Palmitic acid
Pollen
Proteins
Stearic acid
Sugar
Tryptophan
Valine
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrZ1Na9wwEIZFyamX0o-Uuk3KFEpuJtbHyvIxabKE0oRAkpKbGckjumWxQ3a3_fvV2N50feqlN2MJLM9Y1jsj6ZEQnyV6FaJ3OZbB5EaZMscCKS8js9F11I4433F5ZS_uzNf72f3OUV-8JmzAAw-GO_ZNg07HWFAVjI7SpVDQEmoX0kOcHfaRy9lOMNX_gyuZQi81QDV1iuuPY9c1K8mIIdXLyb-DUM_qnwjM6fLInfFm_lK8GIUinAwNfCWeUftaZGcLWsMRjDTPJVxtYfpvxLfx-hfBd1xuCLoIUsIpEVxzdqCFG2QU8Ap4Swlc4s_uEeZL3qEPN30KfwWLFm5x8RvbfXE3P7_9cpGPZyXkwczcOndOFqhlUMyLK1nEGeNVYZHISEMOla7QVUlKh0Y6rzj3qaOJxjWlDE2h34q9tmvpnQDEUGmtKu8ba2y6sM5WRFQ1BR955zNxtDVe_TAgMeoUSrCV64mVM3HKpn2qxCTr_kbybz36t_6XfzNxsHVMPXavVc1RkmFyziwTn56KU8fg2Q5sqdv0dVK5tYXJRDlx6KRB05J28aNHbCdVlnSUfv8_3uCDeK54IQxPZRUHYm_9uKHDpGTW_mP_0f4BlUzzew
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Nb9QwELWgvXBBfIpAQUZCvUWNP9ZxToiFripEVxVtUW_R2BnDolVSNrvw9_FkvVty4WbFlhyNx_bzG_sNY-8EOOmDszmUXuda6jKHAjAvA2mjq6AsEt9xPjdn1_rzzeQmEW59ula5WxOHhbrpPHHkJwSMNYmlTN7f_sopaxRFV1MKjfvsUApNYdrD6en84uueZSHVy-izW3FNFc_3J6Hrml6Q1JAcYOXdZjRo9o-A5via5D_7zuwRe5gAI_-wHeHH7B62T1j2aYFrfsyTqueSz3ei-k_Zl1T-jfwbLDfIu8CF4FNEfkEsQcsvgSSBe05PS_g5_OxWfLakl_r8cqDye75o-RUs_kD7jF3PTq8-nuUpZ0Lu9cSuc2tFAUp4SbpxJYE5rZ0sDCBqodGCVBXYKkJq3wjrJHGgKuigbVMK3xTqOTtouxZfMA7gK6Vk5VxjtIkFY02FiFVTUOo7l7HjnfHq2600Rh2PFGTlemTljE3JtPtGpGg9fOhW3-s0QWrXNGBVCAVWXqsgbDzyGwRlfXQma8qMHe0Gpk7TrK_vnCJjb_fVcYJQ1ANa7DZDm1hvTKEzVo4GdPRD45p28WOQ2o7oLOIp9fL_nb9iDyRddaFgVXHEDtarDb6OWGXt3iSH_AvzaOq7
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
– databaseName: Scholars Portal Open Access Journals
  dbid: M48
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Lb9QwELagXLiglocIbZGRUG-B-LGOfUCIAqsKsRVSu6i3aOyMy6JVAvsA-u_ryWYLEYibFdtKNB7H3ze2v2HsuQAvQ_Q2hzLoXEtd5lAA5mUkbXQVlUWKd0xOzclUf7gYXfyWFOoNuPwntaN8UtPF_MWv71ev04R_RYwzUfaXsW3rpSD1ICndbXZHaqXJ2Sc90u9-yk4kLiY3Kpt_9xqsSp14_wBxDs9L_rEAjXfZvR458jebod5jt7C5z7J3M1zxI97Le8756VZd_wH72Jd_IP8M8zXyNnIh-DEi_0ThgoafAWkDLzndMeET-Nou-HhOV_b5WRfTX_JZw89h9hOah2w6fn_-9iTvkyfkQY_sKrdWFKBEkCQgVxKq09rLwgCiFhotSOXAuoStQy2slxQMVVFHbetShLpQj9hO0zb4mHGA4JSSzvvaaJMKxhqHiK4uKAeez9jR1njVt41GRpW4BVm5Glg5Y8dk2ptGJG3dPWgXl1U_Uypf12BVjAW6oFUUNnF_g6BsSF5lTZmxg-3AVFt3qYg2aZLSGWXs2U11mim0_QENtuuuTao3ptAZKwcDOvigYU0z-9JpbieYloCVevL_l--zu5LOvNCuVXHAdlaLNR4m0LLyTzt3vAYPxOxw
  priority: 102
  providerName: Scholars Portal
Title Nutritive Value of 11 Bee Pollen Samples from Major Floral Sources in Taiwan
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2576403745
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2577456604
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8469103
https://doaj.org/article/bdda83ff0e9c43f18eb26ea38cb2c867
Volume 10
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELbacuGCeIpAWRkJ9ZZu_FjHObKlqwqxqxVtUW-R7YwhaJtU-4C_j8ebVJsrl8jKOJI1M848PP6GkE_MWO681anJnUwll3lqMgNp7hEbXXihAfMd84W6upVf7yZ3R2TS34WJRfvO1ufN6v68qX_F2sqHezfu68TGy_lFsJnByonxMTnOhTgI0ePvt2Ah6uJ7PE0RQvqxb9tqwxBdiHNECRVyEuwmtgc_MEURsX_gZg6LJA-szuw5eda5i_TzflkvyBE0L0nypYYtPaMdpueKLnpI_VfkWzf-A_SHWe2Atp4yRqcAdIk5goZeGwQE3lC8WELn5ne7prMV3tOn1zGRv6F1Q29M_dc0r8nt7PLm4irtOiakTk70NtWaZUYwxxE1LkdXTkrLM2UAJJOgDReF0UVwqF3FtOWYARVeeqmrnLkqE2_ISdM28JZQY1whBC-srZRUYaC0KgCgqDJsfGcTctYzr3zYA2OUIaBAhpcDhidkiqx9nIR41vFFu_5ZdlItbVUZLbzPoHBSeKZDwK_ACO2CKmmVJ-S0F0zZbbJNibGSRPycSUI-PpLD9sAzD9NAu4tzAl2pTCYkHwh0sKAhJehdBNru9Ozdf3_5njzlWAODp1jZKTnZrnfwITgxWzsiT6aXi-X3UUwChOdc6lFU5H_FevW7
link.rule.ids 230,315,733,786,790,870,891,2115,2236,21416,24346,27955,27956,33777,33778,43838,53825,53827,74657
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfZ3fb9MwEMdP0D3AC-KnCAwwEtpbtDh2HecJUVhVoK0m1qG9RY5zHkVVMpoW_n18qduRF96i2FKi89n--mx_DuAdN2VqXaljk1kZy1RmsUkMxpkjNrpwQiPFO2ZzNbmUX66GVyHg1oZjlfsxsRuoq8ZSjPyUhLEkWMrw_c2vmLJG0e5qSKFxF44IuakHcDQ6m59_O0RZiHrpfXYH1xR-fX_qmqZqOaGG0k5W3k5GHbO_JzT7xyT_mXfGD-FBEIzsw66FH8EdrB9D9GmJG3bCAtVzxeZ7qP4TmIbn38i-m9UWWeMY52yEyM4pSlCzC0NI4JbR1RI2Mz-bNRuv6KY-u-hC-S1b1mxhln9M_RQux2eLj5M45EyIrRzqTaw1T4zgNiVuXEZiTsoyTZRBlFyiNqnIjc69pLYV12VKMVDhpJO6yritEvEMBnVT43NgxthciDQvy0pJ5R-UVjki5lVCqe_KCE72xitudmiMwi8pyMpFz8oRjMi0h0pEtO5eNOvrInSQoqwqo4VzCeZWCse1X_IrNEJb70xaZREc7xumCN2sLW6dIoK3h2LfQWjXw9TYbLs6vlypREaQ9Rq090P9knr5o0Nte3Xm9ZR48f-Pv4F7k8VsWkw_z7--hPspHXuhjavkGAab9RZfed2yKV8H5_wLNArtsQ
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1bb9MwFLZgkxAv07iJjAFGQnuLGseu4zwhylYN2KqKbWhvkS_H0KlKtqYdfx-f1O3IC29WbMnR8bH9nYu_Q8hHpk1uvVGpLqxIRS6KVGca0sIjNzr3XAH6O84n8vRKfLseXsf8pzamVW7OxO6gdo1FH_kAgbFAspThwMe0iOnx-NPtXYoVpDDSGstpPCa7hZDDYIjtjk4m0x9bjwsyYAb9XRNt8mDrD3zTuJYh7VDeQcyHi6nj7--Bzn7K5D930Hif7EXwSD-vV_sZeQT1c5Icz2BJj2hk-JzTyYZg_wU5i-17oD_1fAW08ZQxOgKgU_QY1PRCIz1wS_GZCT3XN82Cjuf4ap9edG79ls5qeqlnf3T9klyNTy6_nKaxfkJqxVAtU6VYpjmzOXLIFQjshDB5JjWAYAKUznmpVRngtXVMmRz9odwLL5QrmHUZf0V26qaG14RqbUvO89IYJ4UMDalkCQCly7AMnknI0UZ41e2aJqMK5gVKuepJOSEjFO12ELJbdx-axa8qbpbKOKcV9z6D0grumQrmvwTNlQ2KpWSRkMPNwlRxy7XVg4Ik5MO2O2wWjIDoGppVNyb0S5mJhBS9Be39UL-nnv3uaLcDUgvYih_8f_L35EnQy-rs6-T7G_I0xwwYjGFlh2RnuVjB2wBhluZd1M2_MzHx5Q
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nutritive+Value+of+11+Bee+Pollen+Samples+from+Major+Floral+Sources+in+Taiwan&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.au=Pei-Shou+Hsu&rft.au=Wu%2C+Tzu-Hsien&rft.au=Meng-Yuan%2C+Huang&rft.au=Dun-Yan%2C+Wang&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2304-8158&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=2229&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Ffoods10092229&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2304-8158&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2304-8158&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2304-8158&client=summon