Genetic Analysis Reveals That C₁₉-GA 2-Oxidation Is a Major Gibberellin Inactivation Pathway in Arabidopsis
Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2β-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we u...
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| Published in | The Plant cell Vol. 20; no. 9; pp. 2420 - 2436 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
American Society of Plant Biologists
01.09.2008
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2β-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C₁₉-GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C₁₉-GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C₁₉-GA 2-oxidases, we show that C₁₉-GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C₁₉-GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C₁₉-GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in ARABIDOPSIS: |
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| AbstractList | Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2β-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C₁₉-GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C₁₉-GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C₁₉-GA 2-oxidases, we show that C₁₉-GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C₁₉-GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C₁₉-GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in ARABIDOPSIS: Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2β-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C19-GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C19-GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C19-GA 2-oxidases, we show that C19-GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C19-GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C19-GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in Arabidopsis. Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2β-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C 19 -GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C 19 -GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C 19 -GA 2-oxidases, we show that C 19 -GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C 19 -GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C 19 -GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in Arabidopsis . Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2beta-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C(19)-GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C(19)-GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C(19)-GA 2-oxidases, we show that C(19)-GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C(19)-GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C(19)-GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in Arabidopsis. Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2beta-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C(19)-GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C(19)-GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C(19)-GA 2-oxidases, we show that C(19)-GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C(19)-GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C(19)-GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in Arabidopsis.Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2beta-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), a major inactivating pathway for the plant hormone GA seems to be via GA 2-oxidation. In this study, we used various approaches to determine the role of C(19)-GA 2-oxidation in regulating GA concentration and GA-responsive plant growth and development. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana has five C(19)-GA 2-oxidases, transcripts for one or more of which are present in all organs and at all stages of development examined. Expression of four of the five genes is subject to feed-forward regulation. By knocking out all five Arabidopsis C(19)-GA 2-oxidases, we show that C(19)-GA 2-oxidation limits bioactive GA content and regulates plant development at various stages during the plant life cycle: C(19)-GA 2-oxidases prevent seed germination in the absence of light and cold stimuli, delay the vegetative and floral phase transitions, limit the number of flowers produced per inflorescence, and suppress elongation of the pistil prior to fertilization. Under GA-limited conditions, further roles are revealed, such as limiting elongation of the main stem and side shoots. We conclude that C(19)-GA 2-oxidation is a major GA inactivation pathway regulating development in Arabidopsis. |
| Author | Woolley, Lindsey Eriksson, Sven Powers, Stephen J Benlloch, Reyes Thomas, Stephen G Griffiths, Jayne Gong, Fan Rieu, Ivo Nilsson, Ove Hedden, Peter Phillips, Andrew L |
| AuthorAffiliation | a Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom b Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umeå, Sweden c Centre for Biomathematics and Bioinformatics, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: c Centre for Biomathematics and Bioinformatics, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom – name: b Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umeå, Sweden – name: a Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Rieu, Ivo – sequence: 2 fullname: Eriksson, Sven – sequence: 3 fullname: Powers, Stephen J – sequence: 4 fullname: Gong, Fan – sequence: 5 fullname: Griffiths, Jayne – sequence: 6 fullname: Woolley, Lindsey – sequence: 7 fullname: Benlloch, Reyes – sequence: 8 fullname: Nilsson, Ove – sequence: 9 fullname: Thomas, Stephen G – sequence: 10 fullname: Hedden, Peter – sequence: 11 fullname: Phillips, Andrew L |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805991$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright 2008 American Society of Plant Biologists Copyright © 2008, American Society of Plant Biologists |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright 2008 American Society of Plant Biologists – notice: Copyright © 2008, American Society of Plant Biologists |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Address correspondence to andy.phillips@bbsrc.ac.uk. Online version contains Web-only data. www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.108.058818 Current address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. Current address: CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantcell.org) is: Andrew L. Phillips (andy.phillips@bbsrc.ac.uk). Current address: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. |
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| SubjectTerms | Arabidopsis - genetics Arabidopsis - growth & development Arabidopsis - metabolism Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism Arabidopsis thaliana Biosynthesis developmental stages Flowering flowers Flowers - genetics Flowers - growth & development Flowers - metabolism Fruit - genetics Fruit - growth & development Fruit - metabolism Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genes genetic techniques and protocols Germination - genetics Germination - physiology Gibberellins Gibberellins - metabolism hormones Hypocotyl - genetics Hypocotyl - growth & development Hypocotyl - metabolism Inflorescences Internodes Models, Genetic Oxidation-Reduction Phenotypes Plant cells plant hormones Plant Roots - genetics Plant Roots - growth & development Plant Roots - metabolism Plant Stems - genetics Plant Stems - growth & development Plant Stems - metabolism Plants Plants, Genetically Modified - genetics Plants, Genetically Modified - growth & development Plants, Genetically Modified - metabolism seed germination Seeds Seeds - genetics Seeds - growth & development Seeds - metabolism shoots Signal Transduction - genetics Signal Transduction - physiology stem elongation |
| Title | Genetic Analysis Reveals That C₁₉-GA 2-Oxidation Is a Major Gibberellin Inactivation Pathway in Arabidopsis |
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