Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: A review of levels, behaviour and processes
This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentra...
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| Published in | The Science of the total environment Vol. 219; no. 1; pp. 53 - 81 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Shannon
Elsevier B.V
12.08.1998
Elsevier Science |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0048-9697 1879-1026 |
| DOI | 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00237-X |
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| Abstract | This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air is presented. The general trend in ΣP
4–8CDD/F (and ΣTEQ) is: remote sites<0.5 pg/m
3 (ΣTEQ<10 fg/m
3); rural sites∼0.5–4 pg/m
3 (ΣTEQ∼20–50 fg/m
3); and urban/industrial sites∼10–100 pg/m
3 (ΣTEQ∼100–400 fg/m
3). The commonly held view that a consistent mixture of PCDD/Fs in air exists is evaluated and questioned. Issues of seasonality and short-term changes in air concentrations are also critically discussed, with respect to the possibility of seasonal emission sources to air and seasonally dependent loss processes. Data on the gas–particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in air are reviewed; the limited database to date is believed to provide evidence for an exchangeable transfer of PCDD/Fs between these two phases. The potential importance of photolytic and radical reaction degradation processes and wet/dry deposition processes in modifying the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air is discussed. Some homologue/congener specific `weathering' of the mixture of PCDD/Fs emitted to the atmosphere clearly occurs, but in general PCDD/Fs have `long' atmospheric residence times, rendering them subject to long-range atmospheric transport. Data are reviewed which relate the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air to that in deposition; this leads to the conclusion that different homologue groups (which are partitioned differently between the gas and particulate phase) are transferred to the earth's surface with broadly similar efficiencies. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air is presented. The general trend in capital sigma P sub(4-8)CDD/F (and capital sigma TEQ) is: remote sites < 0.5 pg/m super(3) ( capital sigma TEQ < 10 fg/m super(3)); rural sites similar to 0.5-4 pg/m super(3) ( capital sigma TEQ similar to 20-50 fg/m super(3)); and urban/industrial sites similar to 10-100 pg/m super(3) ( capital sigma TEQ similar to 100-400 fg/m super(3)). The commonly held view that a consistent mixture of PCDD/Fs in air exists is evaluated and questioned. Issues of seasonality and short-term changes in air concentrations are also critically discussed, with respect to the possibility of seasonal emission sources to air and seasonally dependent loss processes. Data on the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in air are reviewed; the limited database to date is believed to provide evidence for an exchangeable transfer of PCDD/Fs between these two phases. The potential importance of photolytic and radical reaction degradation processes and wet/dry deposition processes in modifying the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air is discussed. Some homologue/congener specific `weathering' of the mixture of PCDD/Fs emitted to the atmosphere clearly occurs, but in general PCDD/Fs have `long' atmospheric residence times, rendering them subject to long-range atmospheric transport. Data are reviewed which relate the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air to that in deposition; this leads to the conclusion that different homologue groups (which are partitioned differently between the gas and particulate phase) are transferred to the earth's surface with broadly similar efficiencies. This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air is presented. The general trend in sigma P4-8 CDD/F (and sigma TEQ) is: remote sites < 0.5 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ < 10 fg/m3); rural sites approximately 0.5-4 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ approximately 20-50 fg/m3); and urban/industrial sites approximately 10-100 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ approximately 100-400 fg/m3). The commonly held view that a consistent mixture of PCDD/Fs in air exists is evaluated and questioned. Issues of seasonality and short-term changes in air concentrations are also critically discussed, with respect to the possibility of seasonal emission sources to air and seasonally dependent loss processes. Data on the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in air are reviewed; the limited database to date is believed to provide evidence for an exchangeable transfer of PCDD/Fs between these two phases. The potential importance of photolytic and radical reaction degradation processes and wet/dry deposition processes in modifying the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air is discussed. Some homologue/congener specific 'weathering' of the mixture of PCDD/Fs emitted to the atmosphere clearly occurs, but in general PCDD/Fs have 'long' atmospheric residence times, rendering them subject to long-range atmospheric transport. Data are reviewed which relate the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air to that in deposition; this leads to the conclusion that different homologue groups (which are partitioned differently between the gas and particulate phase) are transferred to the earth's surface with broadly similar efficiencies.This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air is presented. The general trend in sigma P4-8 CDD/F (and sigma TEQ) is: remote sites < 0.5 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ < 10 fg/m3); rural sites approximately 0.5-4 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ approximately 20-50 fg/m3); and urban/industrial sites approximately 10-100 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ approximately 100-400 fg/m3). The commonly held view that a consistent mixture of PCDD/Fs in air exists is evaluated and questioned. Issues of seasonality and short-term changes in air concentrations are also critically discussed, with respect to the possibility of seasonal emission sources to air and seasonally dependent loss processes. Data on the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in air are reviewed; the limited database to date is believed to provide evidence for an exchangeable transfer of PCDD/Fs between these two phases. The potential importance of photolytic and radical reaction degradation processes and wet/dry deposition processes in modifying the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air is discussed. Some homologue/congener specific 'weathering' of the mixture of PCDD/Fs emitted to the atmosphere clearly occurs, but in general PCDD/Fs have 'long' atmospheric residence times, rendering them subject to long-range atmospheric transport. Data are reviewed which relate the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air to that in deposition; this leads to the conclusion that different homologue groups (which are partitioned differently between the gas and particulate phase) are transferred to the earth's surface with broadly similar efficiencies. This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air is presented. The general trend in ΣP 4–8CDD/F (and ΣTEQ) is: remote sites<0.5 pg/m 3 (ΣTEQ<10 fg/m 3); rural sites∼0.5–4 pg/m 3 (ΣTEQ∼20–50 fg/m 3); and urban/industrial sites∼10–100 pg/m 3 (ΣTEQ∼100–400 fg/m 3). The commonly held view that a consistent mixture of PCDD/Fs in air exists is evaluated and questioned. Issues of seasonality and short-term changes in air concentrations are also critically discussed, with respect to the possibility of seasonal emission sources to air and seasonally dependent loss processes. Data on the gas–particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in air are reviewed; the limited database to date is believed to provide evidence for an exchangeable transfer of PCDD/Fs between these two phases. The potential importance of photolytic and radical reaction degradation processes and wet/dry deposition processes in modifying the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air is discussed. Some homologue/congener specific `weathering' of the mixture of PCDD/Fs emitted to the atmosphere clearly occurs, but in general PCDD/Fs have `long' atmospheric residence times, rendering them subject to long-range atmospheric transport. Data are reviewed which relate the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air to that in deposition; this leads to the conclusion that different homologue groups (which are partitioned differently between the gas and particulate phase) are transferred to the earth's surface with broadly similar efficiencies. This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air and deposition. Aspects of sampling, analysis and quality assurance/control are discussed initially, before a review of the PCDD/F concentrations in ambient air is presented. The general trend in sigma P4-8 CDD/F (and sigma TEQ) is: remote sites < 0.5 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ < 10 fg/m3); rural sites approximately 0.5-4 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ approximately 20-50 fg/m3); and urban/industrial sites approximately 10-100 pg/m3 (sigma TEQ approximately 100-400 fg/m3). The commonly held view that a consistent mixture of PCDD/Fs in air exists is evaluated and questioned. Issues of seasonality and short-term changes in air concentrations are also critically discussed, with respect to the possibility of seasonal emission sources to air and seasonally dependent loss processes. Data on the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in air are reviewed; the limited database to date is believed to provide evidence for an exchangeable transfer of PCDD/Fs between these two phases. The potential importance of photolytic and radical reaction degradation processes and wet/dry deposition processes in modifying the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air is discussed. Some homologue/congener specific 'weathering' of the mixture of PCDD/Fs emitted to the atmosphere clearly occurs, but in general PCDD/Fs have 'long' atmospheric residence times, rendering them subject to long-range atmospheric transport. Data are reviewed which relate the mixture of PCDD/Fs in air to that in deposition; this leads to the conclusion that different homologue groups (which are partitioned differently between the gas and particulate phase) are transferred to the earth's surface with broadly similar efficiencies. |
| Author | Lohmann, Rainer Jones, Kevin C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rainer surname: Lohmann fullname: Lohmann, Rainer – sequence: 2 givenname: Kevin C. surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Kevin C. |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2388628$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770324$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air... This paper is a comprehensive, critical review of the levels, behaviour and processes affecting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) in air... |
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| SubjectTerms | Air Air Pollutants - analysis Applied sciences Arctic Regions Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric pollution Chemical Phenomena Chemistry, Physical Dioxins Exact sciences and technology Furans Furans - analysis Furans - chemistry Methods Particle Size PCDD/Fs Pollutants physicochemistry study: properties, effects, reactions, transport and distribution Pollution Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins - analogs & derivatives Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins - analysis Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins - chemistry Quality Control Seasons |
| Title | Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: A review of levels, behaviour and processes |
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