Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipo...
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Published in | The Journal of pathology Vol. 233; no. 2; pp. 183 - 195 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Chichester, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
01.06.2014
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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Abstract | Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL‐6, G‐CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro‐inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri‐adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT‐dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1‐integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co‐activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT‐induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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AbstractList | Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL‐6, G‐CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro‐inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri‐adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT‐dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1‐integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co‐activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT‐induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on [beta]1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue ( WAT ) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue ( dMAT ) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT , adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines ( IL ‐6, G‐ CSF ) and fibrotic mediators ( LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF ). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro‐inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri‐adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT ‐dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β 1‐integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP , a mechanosensitive co‐activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT ‐induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation.Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. |
Author | Clément, K Klein, C du Roure, O Lacasa, M Pellegrinelli, V Lacasa, D Rouault, C Heuvingh, J Clément, E Devulder, A |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: V surname: Pellegrinelli fullname: Pellegrinelli, V email: vp332@medschl.cam.ac.uk organization: INSERM, UMR S 1166, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France – sequence: 2 givenname: J surname: Heuvingh fullname: Heuvingh, J organization: PMMH UMR 7636 CNRS/ESPCI/UPMC, Paris, France – sequence: 3 givenname: O surname: du Roure fullname: du Roure, O organization: PMMH UMR 7636 CNRS/ESPCI/UPMC, Paris, France – sequence: 4 givenname: C surname: Rouault fullname: Rouault, C organization: INSERM, UMR S 1166, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France – sequence: 5 givenname: A surname: Devulder fullname: Devulder, A organization: PMMH UMR 7636 CNRS/ESPCI/UPMC, Paris, France – sequence: 6 givenname: C surname: Klein fullname: Klein, C organization: INSERM, UMR S 1166, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France – sequence: 7 givenname: M surname: Lacasa fullname: Lacasa, M organization: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR S 1166, ICAN, Paris, France – sequence: 8 givenname: E surname: Clément fullname: Clément, E organization: PMMH UMR 7636 CNRS/ESPCI/UPMC, Paris, France – sequence: 9 givenname: D surname: Lacasa fullname: Lacasa, D organization: INSERM, UMR S 1166, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France – sequence: 10 givenname: K surname: Clément fullname: Clément, K organization: INSERM, UMR S 1166, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623048$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Keywords | fibrosis human obesity 3D culture adipocytes |
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Notes | ark:/67375/WNG-FGZ0LFL9-D istex:71322AEA4B9537AB986FE4418EDE5B44399A83E3 ArticleID:PATH4347 Appendix S1. Supplementary materialFrom WAT extracellular matrix to dMAT. (A) Photomicrographs from OCT imaging of non-digested material of adipose tissue (MAT) obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) sample of obese subject before (left photomicrograph) and after (right photomicrographs) the decellularization process. During this process, adipocytes (*) surrounded by collagen fibres, and other cells composing WAT are eliminated without alterations of the collagen fibre structure. Scale bars = 500 µm and 100 µm. (B) Observation of dMAT by immunofluorescence analysis using antibodies directed against type I, III collagen (red, Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG) and type VI collagen (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-mouse IgG) (scale bar = 100 µm) and second harmonic generation, SHG (scale bar = 50 µm). (C) Observation of obese SAT by immunofluorescence analysis. Diversity of collagens were determined using antibodies directed against type I, III, IV collagen (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG), type V, type VI, XVIII collagen (red, Cy3-conjugated anti-mouse IgG) and FN (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-mouse IgG). Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar = 100 µm. (D) Observation of fibrotic depots extracted from obese SAT by OCT imaging and immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies directed against type I (red, Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG) and type VI collagen (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-mouse IgG). The BMI of the obese subject was 48; age 46 years3D culture of human unilocular adipocytes, tissue microstructure and maintenance of viable mature adipocytes. (A) Experimental procedure of human mature adipocyte culture in the 3D hydrogel. Mature adipocytes were isolated from SAT of lean subjects and embedded in the peptidic hydrogel. The photograph shows floating hydrogel, containing unilocular adipocytes in culture media. (B) Comparison of insulin response between floating adipocytes (2D) and adipocytes cultured for 24 h into the hydrogel (3D). Insulin response was evaluated by insulin (10 nm) stimulation of serine473 phosphorylation of Akt (pS473Akt) for 10 min. A representative western blot is presented among three separate experiments. (C) Comparison of LDH activity (cytotoxicity), lipolytic activity (glycerol release) and leptin secretion between 24 h floating adipocytes (2D, white bars) and adipocytes cultured for 24 h into the hydrogel (3D, black bars). Data are mean ± SEM of five separate experiments from lean SAT. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, 2D adipocytes versus 3D adipocytes. (D) Metabolic and secretory functions of human adipocytes from lean SAT were followed for 7 days (d) in the 3D setting. Lipolytic activity was evaluated by glycerol release after isoproterenol stimulation (1 μm) for 4 h. Leptin secretion was measured by ELISA assay. Data are mean ± SEM of six separate experiments. AU, arbitrary unitsAnalysis of adipocyte flattening in culture with obese dMAT. (A) Observation of a 100 µm section of the hydrogel by OCT imaging containing unilocular adipocytes from lean SAT with dMAT. The transverse view (higher panel) shows organization of collagen fibres in the 3D setting. Scale bar = 50 µm. Adipocytes were reconstructed in 3D to appreciate dMAT-induced changes in the adipocyte morphology (lower panel). A representative 3D adipocyte reconstruction is presented among 26 analyses. (B) Histogram of the flattening measured in two dimensions for adipocytes in 3D culture without dMAT (blue bars) and with dMAT (red bars) (n > 500 adipocytes)Lipolytic activity of adipocytes cultured with obese dMAT in the 3D hydrogel. (A) Representative experiment of dose-dependent effects of dMAT on glycerol release in basal (white line) and stimulated conditions, isoproterenol (1 μm) (black line, Iso) from lean adipocytes cultured for 3 days in the 3D setting, corresponding to a representative experiment of three independent experiments (R2= 0.9267, basal conditions, and R2 = 0.9064, β-adrenergic stimulated conditions). *p < 0.05. (B) Dose-dependent effects of dMAT on adipocyte cytotoxicity corresponding to a representative experiment of three independent experiments. Adipocyte cytotoxycity was evaluated by LDH activity after 3 days in the 3D culture model. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) to prepare dMATMetabolic and secretory functions of adipocytes submitted to mechanical deformation and cultured with obese dMAT in the 3D hydrogel. (A) Scheme of the set-up used to apply controlled deformation in a multi-well plate. The set-up allows the application of increasing deformation in the one direction of the plate, whereas the other direction is used to test reproducibility. (B-D) Effects of the mechanical constraints on adipocyte cytotoxicity (B) and secretion of leptin (C) and adiponectin (D), which were evaluated for each deformation from 0% to 50%. Adipocyte cytotoxycity was evaluated by LDH activity and the leptin and adiponectin secretions were measured using an ELISA after 3 days in the 3D setting. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of five independent experiments. NS, not significant. (E) The heat map with graded shades from green to red represents the secretion level (significant levels > 10 pg/ml) of 14 cytokines and chemokines screened by Multiplex analysis. Brace identifies the seven showing the highest secretion level. (F) Significant changes in the secretions of inflammatory molecules (IL-6 and G-CSF) by adipocytes in the 3D setting with dMAT (AD + dMAT, black bars) submitted to a mechanical deformation (50%, AD + DEF, grey bars) or cultured with dMAT under mechanical deformation (AD + dMAT + DEF, dark grey bars), compared to adipocytes cultured alone (control AD, white bars). The results are presented as the fold differences over the control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, AD versus AD + dMAT or AD + DEF or AD + dMAT + DEF. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) to prepare dMATMetabolic and secretory functions of adipocytes cultured with dMAT from SAT of lean subjects (BMI 22.6 ± 0.7, n = 12) in the 3D setting. (A) ELISA analysis of the secretion of leptin, adiponectin and IL-6 by adipocytes cultured alone (AD, white bars) or with dMAT prepared from SAT of lean subjects (0.05 mg/ml, AD + dMAT, black bars) in the 3D setting. (B) Lipolytic activity was evaluated by the glycerol release from either adipocytes cultured alone (AD) or with dMAT prepared from SAT of lean subjects (0.05 mg/ml, AD + dMAT) in the 3D setting. Glycerol release was measured in the basal (white bars) or stimulated conditions (isoproterenol, 1 μm; black bars, Iso) for 4 h. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of four independent experiments. ns, not significant. The SAT of lean subjects was used to prepare adipocytes and dMAT (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2 and mean BMI = 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2, respectively)Role of β1-integrin in mediating alterations of adipocytes induced by obese dMAT. ELISA analysis of leptin and adiponectin secretion by adipocytes in the 3D setting with dMAT (AD + dMAT, black bars) compared to either adipocytes cultured alone (control AD, white bars). Adipocytes were treated with IgG1 or β1-integrin neutralizing antibody (ab β1-int). Data are presented as mean ± SEM of five independent experiments. *p < 0.05, AD versus AD + dMAT, ns, not significant. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) to prepare dMATEffect of obese dMAT on kinase phosphorylation profile, actin cytoskeleton remodelling and gene expression. (A) Cell lysates prepared from four independent experiments of adipocytes cultured for 30 min in the 3D hydrogel alone (control, AD) or exposed to dMAT (AD + dMAT) or 50% mechanical deformation (AD + DEF) were pooled and analysed for the phosphorylation of different kinases using the Human Phospho-Kinase Antibody Array Kit, as described in Materials and methods: (1) TOR; (2) Src; (3) Hck; (4) EGFR; (5) CREB; (6) Lyn; (7) Yes; (8) Chk-2; (9) PRAS-40; (10) ERK 1/2; (11) MSK 1/2; (12) HSP27; (13) FAK; (14) AMPKα2; (15) STAT2; (16) STAT6; (17) GSK-3α/β; (18) AKT (S473); (19) STAT5a; (20) STAT5b; (21) STAT5a/b; (22) AKT (T308); (23) P70 S6K (T389); (24) p70 S6K (T421/S424); (25) STAT3; (26) HSP60; (27) P53 (S46); (28) p53 (S15); (29) RSK 1/2/3; (30) c-jun. PC, positive control; NC, negative control. (B) Human preadipocytes isolated from SAT of lean subjects (BMI: 24 kg/m2) were differentiated in the 3D hydrogel for 7 days with (dMAT) or without dMAT (control) and examined by confocal microscopy for actin staining (red, phalloidin-AlexaFluor 546); scale bar = 50 µm. (C) A heat map representation of the mRNA expression of several genes involved in metabolism, ER stress, inflammation and ECM remodelling, as quantified using real-time PCR and normalized to 18S in adipocytes cultured alone (control AD) or with dMAT in the 3D culture model (AD + dMAT). Graded shades from green to red represent the fold differences between the control adipocytes and AD + dMAT. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of six independent experiments. #, mechanosensitive genes. (D) LOX gene expressions was quantified by real-time PCR and normalized to 18S in adipocytes isolated from SAT of lean subjects. Results are expressed as fold differences between adipocytes cultured in the 3D hydrogel for 3 days alone (AD, white bar), with dMAT (AD + dMAT, black bar) or submitted to compression (AD + DEF, grey bar). Data are represented as mean ± SEM of five separate experiments. ns, non significant. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45 No conflicts of interest were declared. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
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PublicationDate | June 2014 |
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PublicationTitle | The Journal of pathology |
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References_xml | – reference: Khan T, Muise ES, Iyengar P, et al. Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29: 1575-1591. – reference: Parton RG, Simons K. The multiple faces of caveolae. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8: 185-194. – reference: De Winter P, Leoni P, Abraham D. Connective tissue growth factor: structure-function relationships of a mosaic, multifunctional protein. Growth Factors Chur 2008; 26: 80-91. – reference: Zhao B, Ye X, Yu J, et al. TEAD mediates YAP-dependent gene induction and growth control. Genes Dev 2008; 22: 1962-1971. – reference: Yang R, Amir J, Liu H, Chaqour B. Mechanical strain activates a program of genes functionally involved in paracrine signaling of angiogenesis. Physiol Genom 2008; 36: 1-14. – reference: Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, et al. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 2009; 139: 891-906. – reference: Ponticos M, Holmes AM, Shi-wen X, et al. Pivotal role of connective tissue growth factor in lung fibrosis: MAPK-dependent transcriptional activation of type I collagen. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 2142-2155. – reference: Lipson KE, Wong C, Teng Y, et al. CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis. Fibrogen Tissue Repair 2012; 5(suppl 1): S24. – reference: Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Ingber DE. Mechanosensitive mechanisms in transcriptional regulation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125: 3061-3073. – reference: Okada M, Matsumori A, Ono K, et al. Cyclic stretch upregulates production of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 894-901. – reference: Zhao B, Kim J, Ye X, et al. Both TEAD-binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes-associated protein. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 1089-1098. – reference: Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 1. Common and organ-specific mechanisms associated with tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304: C216-225. – reference: Klein S, de Fougerolles AR, Blaikie P, et al. α5β1 integrin activates an NF-κB-dependent program of gene expression important for angiogenesis and inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22: 5912-5922. – reference: Horowitz JF, Klein S. Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278: E1144-1152. – reference: Sun K, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 2094-2101. – reference: Gressner OA, Gressner AM. Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver 2008; 28: 1065-1079. – reference: Tan JTM, McLennan SV, Song WW, et al. Connective tissue growth factor inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295: C740-751. – reference: Divoux A, Tordjman J, Lacasa D, et al. Fibrosis in human adipose tissue: composition, distribution, and link with lipid metabolism and fat mass loss. Diabetes 2010; 59: 2817-2825. – reference: Larsen M, Artym VV, et al. The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18: 463-471. – reference: Pasarica M, Gowronska-Kozak B, Burk D, et al. Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 5155-5162. – reference: Cancello R, Henegar C, Viguerie N, et al. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes 2005; 54: 2277-2286. – reference: Abdennour M, Reggio S, Le Naour G, et al. 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Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 2011; 12: e494-503. – volume: 69 start-page: 1089 year: 2009 end-page: 1098 article-title: Both TEAD‐binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes‐associated protein publication-title: Cancer Res – volume: 36 start-page: 1 year: 2008 end-page: 14 article-title: Mechanical strain activates a program of genes functionally involved in paracrine signaling of angiogenesis publication-title: Physiol Genom – volume: 22 start-page: 1962 year: 2008 end-page: 1971 article-title: TEAD mediates YAP‐dependent gene induction and growth control publication-title: Genes Dev – volume: 29 start-page: 4467 year: 2009 end-page: 4483 article-title: Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue publication-title: Mol Cell Biol – volume: 5 start-page: S24 issue: suppl 1 year: 2012 article-title: CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis publication-title: Fibrogen Tissue Repair – volume: 8 start-page: 185 year: 2007 end-page: 194 article-title: The multiple faces of caveolae publication-title: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol – volume: 9 start-page: R14 year: 2008 article-title: Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity publication-title: Genome Biol – volume: 54 start-page: 2277 year: 2005 end-page: 2286 article-title: Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery‐induced weight loss publication-title: Diabetes – volume: 29 start-page: 1575 year: 2009 end-page: 1591 article-title: Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI publication-title: Mol Cell Biol – volume: 13 start-page: 591 year: 2012 end-page: 600 article-title: Transduction of mechanical and cytoskeletal cues by YAP and TAZ publication-title: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol – volume: 139 start-page: 891 year: 2009 end-page: 906 article-title: Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling publication-title: Cell – volume: 299 start-page: E1016 year: 2010 end-page: 1027 article-title: Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin‐resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation publication-title: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab – volume: 125 start-page: 577 year: 2006 end-page: 591 article-title: A pericellular collagenase directs the three‐dimensional development of white adipose tissue publication-title: Cell – volume: 18 start-page: 894 year: 1998 end-page: 901 article-title: Cyclic stretch upregulates production of interleukin‐8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in human endothelial cells publication-title: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol – volume: 15 start-page: 637 year: 2013 end-page: 646 article-title: Mechanotransduction and YAP‐dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer‐associated fibroblasts publication-title: Nat Cell Biol – volume: 114 start-page: e83 year: 2010 end-page: 92 article-title: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) – a marker, mediator and therapeutic target for renal fibrosis publication-title: Nephron Exp Nephrol – volume: 60 start-page: 2142 year: 2009 end-page: 2155 article-title: Pivotal role of connective tissue growth factor in lung fibrosis: MAPK‐dependent transcriptional activation of type I collagen publication-title: Arthritis Rheum – volume: 304 start-page: C216 year: 2013 end-page: 225 article-title: Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 1. Common and organ‐specific mechanisms associated with tissue fibrosis publication-title: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol – volume: 28 start-page: 1065 year: 2008 end-page: 1079 article-title: Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases publication-title: Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver – volume: 18 start-page: 463 year: 2006 end-page: 471 article-title: The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling publication-title: Curr Opin Cell Biol – volume: 94 start-page: 5155 year: 2009 end-page: 5162 article-title: Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity publication-title: J Clin Endocrinol Metab – volume: 278 start-page: E1144 year: 2000 end-page: 1152 article-title: Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women publication-title: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab – volume: 106 start-page: 130 year: 2009 end-page: 137 article-title: Cytokines derived from cultured 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Snippet | Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial... Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue ( WAT ) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial... Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial... |
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SubjectTerms | 3D culture Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing - genetics Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing - metabolism Adipocytes Adipocytes, White - metabolism Adipocytes, White - pathology Adipokines - genetics Adipokines - metabolism Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - genetics Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - metabolism Binding Sites Cell Shape Cells, Cultured Collagen - metabolism Connective Tissue Growth Factor - genetics Connective Tissue Growth Factor - metabolism Fibrosis Gene Expression Regulation Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor - genetics Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor - metabolism human obesity Humans Hydrogels Integrin beta1 - genetics Integrin beta1 - metabolism Interleukin-6 - genetics Interleukin-6 - metabolism Lipolysis Mechanotransduction, Cellular Obesity - genetics Obesity - metabolism Obesity - pathology Obesity - physiopathology Phosphoproteins - genetics Phosphoproteins - metabolism Promoter Regions, Genetic Rodents Time Factors Transcription Factors Transfection |
Title | Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues |
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