Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues

Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipo...

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Published inThe Journal of pathology Vol. 233; no. 2; pp. 183 - 195
Main Authors Pellegrinelli, V, Heuvingh, J, du Roure, O, Rouault, C, Devulder, A, Klein, C, Lacasa, M, Clément, E, Lacasa, D, Clément, K
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.06.2014
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Abstract Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL‐6, G‐CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro‐inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri‐adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT‐dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1‐integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co‐activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT‐induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
AbstractList Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL‐6, G‐CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro‐inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri‐adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT‐dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1‐integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co‐activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT‐induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation.
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on [beta]1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue ( WAT ) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri‐adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue ( dMAT ) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT , adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines ( IL ‐6, G‐ CSF ) and fibrotic mediators ( LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF ). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro‐inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri‐adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT ‐dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β 1‐integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP , a mechanosensitive co‐activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT ‐induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation.Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial fibrosis (peri-adipocyte fibrosis) on adjacent adipocytes remains unknown. Here we developed a novel in vitro 3D culture system in which human adipocytes and decellularized material of adipose tissue (dMAT) from obese subjects are embedded in a peptide hydrogel. When cultured with dMAT, adipocytes showed decreased lipolysis and adipokine secretion and increased expression/production of cytokines (IL-6, G-CSF) and fibrotic mediators (LOXL2 and the matricellular proteins THSB2 and CTGF). Moreover, some alterations including lipolytic activity and fibro-inflammation also occurred when the adipocyte/hydrogel culture was mechanically compressed. Notably, CTGF expression levels correlated with the amount of peri-adipocyte fibrosis in WAT from obese individuals. Moreover, dMAT-dependent CTGF promoter activity, which depends on β1-integrin/cytoskeleton pathways, was enhanced in the presence of YAP, a mechanosensitive co-activator of TEAD transcription factors. Mutation of TEAD binding sites abolished the dMAT-induced promoter activity. In conclusion, fibrosis may negatively affect human adipocyte function via mechanosensitive molecules, in part stimulated by cell deformation.
Author Clément, K
Klein, C
du Roure, O
Lacasa, M
Pellegrinelli, V
Lacasa, D
Rouault, C
Heuvingh, J
Clément, E
Devulder, A
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623048$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Issue 2
Keywords fibrosis
human obesity
3D culture
adipocytes
Language English
License Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Appendix S1. Supplementary materialFrom WAT extracellular matrix to dMAT. (A) Photomicrographs from OCT imaging of non-digested material of adipose tissue (MAT) obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) sample of obese subject before (left photomicrograph) and after (right photomicrographs) the decellularization process. During this process, adipocytes (*) surrounded by collagen fibres, and other cells composing WAT are eliminated without alterations of the collagen fibre structure. Scale bars = 500 µm and 100 µm. (B) Observation of dMAT by immunofluorescence analysis using antibodies directed against type I, III collagen (red, Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG) and type VI collagen (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-mouse IgG) (scale bar = 100 µm) and second harmonic generation, SHG (scale bar = 50 µm). (C) Observation of obese SAT by immunofluorescence analysis. Diversity of collagens were determined using antibodies directed against type I, III, IV collagen (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG), type V, type VI, XVIII collagen (red, Cy3-conjugated anti-mouse IgG) and FN (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-mouse IgG). Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar = 100 µm. (D) Observation of fibrotic depots extracted from obese SAT by OCT imaging and immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies directed against type I (red, Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG) and type VI collagen (green, Cy2-conjugated anti-mouse IgG). The BMI of the obese subject was 48; age 46 years3D culture of human unilocular adipocytes, tissue microstructure and maintenance of viable mature adipocytes. (A) Experimental procedure of human mature adipocyte culture in the 3D hydrogel. Mature adipocytes were isolated from SAT of lean subjects and embedded in the peptidic hydrogel. The photograph shows floating hydrogel, containing unilocular adipocytes in culture media. (B) Comparison of insulin response between floating adipocytes (2D) and adipocytes cultured for 24 h into the hydrogel (3D). Insulin response was evaluated by insulin (10 nm) stimulation of serine473 phosphorylation of Akt (pS473Akt) for 10 min. A representative western blot is presented among three separate experiments. (C) Comparison of LDH activity (cytotoxicity), lipolytic activity (glycerol release) and leptin secretion between 24 h floating adipocytes (2D, white bars) and adipocytes cultured for 24 h into the hydrogel (3D, black bars). Data are mean ± SEM of five separate experiments from lean SAT. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, 2D adipocytes versus 3D adipocytes. (D) Metabolic and secretory functions of human adipocytes from lean SAT were followed for 7 days (d) in the 3D setting. Lipolytic activity was evaluated by glycerol release after isoproterenol stimulation (1 μm) for 4 h. Leptin secretion was measured by ELISA assay. Data are mean ± SEM of six separate experiments. AU, arbitrary unitsAnalysis of adipocyte flattening in culture with obese dMAT. (A) Observation of a 100 µm section of the hydrogel by OCT imaging containing unilocular adipocytes from lean SAT with dMAT. The transverse view (higher panel) shows organization of collagen fibres in the 3D setting. Scale bar = 50 µm. Adipocytes were reconstructed in 3D to appreciate dMAT-induced changes in the adipocyte morphology (lower panel). A representative 3D adipocyte reconstruction is presented among 26 analyses. (B) Histogram of the flattening measured in two dimensions for adipocytes in 3D culture without dMAT (blue bars) and with dMAT (red bars) (n > 500 adipocytes)Lipolytic activity of adipocytes cultured with obese dMAT in the 3D hydrogel. (A) Representative experiment of dose-dependent effects of dMAT on glycerol release in basal (white line) and stimulated conditions, isoproterenol (1 μm) (black line, Iso) from lean adipocytes cultured for 3 days in the 3D setting, corresponding to a representative experiment of three independent experiments (R2= 0.9267, basal conditions, and R2 = 0.9064, β-adrenergic stimulated conditions). *p < 0.05. (B) Dose-dependent effects of dMAT on adipocyte cytotoxicity corresponding to a representative experiment of three independent experiments. Adipocyte cytotoxycity was evaluated by LDH activity after 3 days in the 3D culture model. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) to prepare dMATMetabolic and secretory functions of adipocytes submitted to mechanical deformation and cultured with obese dMAT in the 3D hydrogel. (A) Scheme of the set-up used to apply controlled deformation in a multi-well plate. The set-up allows the application of increasing deformation in the one direction of the plate, whereas the other direction is used to test reproducibility. (B-D) Effects of the mechanical constraints on adipocyte cytotoxicity (B) and secretion of leptin (C) and adiponectin (D), which were evaluated for each deformation from 0% to 50%. Adipocyte cytotoxycity was evaluated by LDH activity and the leptin and adiponectin secretions were measured using an ELISA after 3 days in the 3D setting. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of five independent experiments. NS, not significant. (E) The heat map with graded shades from green to red represents the secretion level (significant levels > 10 pg/ml) of 14 cytokines and chemokines screened by Multiplex analysis. Brace identifies the seven showing the highest secretion level. (F) Significant changes in the secretions of inflammatory molecules (IL-6 and G-CSF) by adipocytes in the 3D setting with dMAT (AD + dMAT, black bars) submitted to a mechanical deformation (50%, AD + DEF, grey bars) or cultured with dMAT under mechanical deformation (AD + dMAT + DEF, dark grey bars), compared to adipocytes cultured alone (control AD, white bars). The results are presented as the fold differences over the control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, AD versus AD + dMAT or AD + DEF or AD + dMAT + DEF. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) to prepare dMATMetabolic and secretory functions of adipocytes cultured with dMAT from SAT of lean subjects (BMI 22.6 ± 0.7, n = 12) in the 3D setting. (A) ELISA analysis of the secretion of leptin, adiponectin and IL-6 by adipocytes cultured alone (AD, white bars) or with dMAT prepared from SAT of lean subjects (0.05 mg/ml, AD + dMAT, black bars) in the 3D setting. (B) Lipolytic activity was evaluated by the glycerol release from either adipocytes cultured alone (AD) or with dMAT prepared from SAT of lean subjects (0.05 mg/ml, AD + dMAT) in the 3D setting. Glycerol release was measured in the basal (white bars) or stimulated conditions (isoproterenol, 1 μm; black bars, Iso) for 4 h. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of four independent experiments. ns, not significant. The SAT of lean subjects was used to prepare adipocytes and dMAT (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2 and mean BMI = 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2, respectively)Role of β1-integrin in mediating alterations of adipocytes induced by obese dMAT. ELISA analysis of leptin and adiponectin secretion by adipocytes in the 3D setting with dMAT (AD + dMAT, black bars) compared to either adipocytes cultured alone (control AD, white bars). Adipocytes were treated with IgG1 or β1-integrin neutralizing antibody (ab β1-int). Data are presented as mean ± SEM of five independent experiments. *p < 0.05, AD versus AD + dMAT, ns, not significant. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2) to prepare dMATEffect of obese dMAT on kinase phosphorylation profile, actin cytoskeleton remodelling and gene expression. (A) Cell lysates prepared from four independent experiments of adipocytes cultured for 30 min in the 3D hydrogel alone (control, AD) or exposed to dMAT (AD + dMAT) or 50% mechanical deformation (AD + DEF) were pooled and analysed for the phosphorylation of different kinases using the Human Phospho-Kinase Antibody Array Kit, as described in Materials and methods: (1) TOR; (2) Src; (3) Hck; (4) EGFR; (5) CREB; (6) Lyn; (7) Yes; (8) Chk-2; (9) PRAS-40; (10) ERK 1/2; (11) MSK 1/2; (12) HSP27; (13) FAK; (14) AMPKα2; (15) STAT2; (16) STAT6; (17) GSK-3α/β; (18) AKT (S473); (19) STAT5a; (20) STAT5b; (21) STAT5a/b; (22) AKT (T308); (23) P70 S6K (T389); (24) p70 S6K (T421/S424); (25) STAT3; (26) HSP60; (27) P53 (S46); (28) p53 (S15); (29) RSK 1/2/3; (30) c-jun. PC, positive control; NC, negative control. (B) Human preadipocytes isolated from SAT of lean subjects (BMI: 24 kg/m2) were differentiated in the 3D hydrogel for 7 days with (dMAT) or without dMAT (control) and examined by confocal microscopy for actin staining (red, phalloidin-AlexaFluor 546); scale bar = 50 µm. (C) A heat map representation of the mRNA expression of several genes involved in metabolism, ER stress, inflammation and ECM remodelling, as quantified using real-time PCR and normalized to 18S in adipocytes cultured alone (control AD) or with dMAT in the 3D culture model (AD + dMAT). Graded shades from green to red represent the fold differences between the control adipocytes and AD + dMAT. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of six independent experiments. #, mechanosensitive genes. (D) LOX gene expressions was quantified by real-time PCR and normalized to 18S in adipocytes isolated from SAT of lean subjects. Results are expressed as fold differences between adipocytes cultured in the 3D hydrogel for 3 days alone (AD, white bar), with dMAT (AD + dMAT, black bar) or submitted to compression (AD + DEF, grey bar). Data are represented as mean ± SEM of five separate experiments. ns, non significant. The SAT of lean subjects (mean BMI = 23.05 ± 0.38 kg/m2) was used to prepare adipocytes and SAT of obese subjects (mean BMI = 45
No conflicts of interest were declared.
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Phanish MK, Winn SK, Dockrell MEC. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) - a marker, mediator and therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2010; 114: e83-92.
Ingber DE. Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 2006; 20: 811-827.
Ponticos M, Holmes AM, Shi-wen X, et al. Pivotal role of connective tissue growth factor in lung fibrosis: MAPK-dependent transcriptional activation of type I collagen. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 2142-2155.
Zhao B, Kim J, Ye X, et al. Both TEAD-binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes-associated protein. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 1089-1098.
Wang S, Nagrath D, Chen PC, et al. Three-dimensional primary hepatocyte culture in synthetic self-assembling peptide hydrogel. Tissue Eng A 2008; 14: 227-236.
Khan T, Muise ES, Iyengar P, et al. Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29: 1575-1591.
Sun K, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 2094-2101.
Cancello R, Henegar C, Viguerie N, et al. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes 2005; 54: 2277-2286.
Divoux A, Tordjman J, Lacasa D, et al. Fibrosis in human adipose tissue: composition, distribution, and link with lipid metabolism and fat mass loss. Diabetes 2010; 59: 2817-2825.
Halder G, Dupont S, Piccolo S. Transduction of mechanical and cytoskeletal cues by YAP and TAZ. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13: 591-600.
De Winter P, Leoni P, Abraham D. Connective tissue growth factor: structure-function relationships of a mosaic, multifunctional protein. Growth Factors Chur 2008; 26: 80-91.
Chun TH, Hotary KB, Sabeh F, et al. A pericellular collagenase directs the three-dimensional development of white adipose tissue. Cell 2006; 125: 577-591.
Lipson KE, Wong C, Teng Y, et al. CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis. Fibrogen Tissue Repair 2012; 5(suppl 1): S24.
Divoux A, Clément K. Architecture and the extracellular matrix: the still unappreciated components of the adipose tissue. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 2011; 12: e494-503.
Gressner OA, Gressner AM. Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver 2008; 28: 1065-1079.
Halberg N, Khan T, Trujillo ME, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol 2009 ; 29: 4467-4483.
Calvo F, Ege N, Grande-Garcia A, et al. Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15: 637-646.
Henegar C, Tordjman J, Achard V, et al. Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity. Genome Biol 2008; 9: R14.
Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 1. Common and organ-specific mechanisms associated with tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304: C216-225.
Wang N, Tytell JD, Ingber DE. Mechanotransduction at a distance: mechanically coupling the extracellular matrix with the nucleus. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 10: 75-82.
Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Ingber DE. Mechanosensitive mechanisms in transcriptional regulation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125: 3061-3073.
Keophiphath M, Achard V, Henegar C, et al. Macrophage-secreted factors promote a profibrotic phenotype in human preadipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23: 11-24.
Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, et al. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 2009; 139: 891-906.
Taleb S, Cancello R, et al. Cathepsin s promotes human preadipocyte differentiation: possible involvement of fibronectin degradation. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 4950-4959.
Tan JTM, McLennan SV, Song WW, et al. Connective tissue growth factor inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295: C740-751.
Peterson JM, Pizza FX. Cytokines derived from cultured skeletal muscle cells after mechanical strain promote neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, MD, 1985) 2009; 106: 130-137.
Spencer M, Yao-Borengasser A, Unal R, et al. Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin-resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299: E1016-1027.
Larsen M, Artym VV, et al. The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18: 463-471.
Parton RG, Simons K. The multiple faces of caveolae. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8: 185-194.
Abdennour M, Reggio S, Le Naour G, et al. Association of adipose tissue and liver fibrosis with tissue stiffness in morbid obesity: links with diabetes and BMI loss after gastric bypass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; jc20133253.
Horowitz JF, Klein S. Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278: E1144-1152.
Zhao B, Ye X, Yu J, et al. TEAD mediates YAP-dependent gene induction and growth control. Genes Dev 2008; 22: 1962-1971.
Chaqour B, Yang R, Sha Q. Mechanical stretch modulates the promoter activity of the profibrotic factor CCN2 through increased actin polymerization and NF-κB activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 20608-20622.
Klein S, de Fougerolles AR, Blaikie P, et al. α5β1 integrin activates an NF-κB-dependent program of gene expression important for angiogenesis and inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22: 5912-5922.
Yang R, Amir J, Liu H, Chaqour B. Mechanical strain activates a program of genes functionally involved in paracrine signaling of angiogenesis. Physiol Genom 2008; 36: 1-14.
Okada M, Matsumori A, Ono K, et al. Cyclic stretch upregulates production of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 894-901.
Gesta S, Lolmède K, Daviaud D, et al. Culture of human adipose tissue explants leads to profound alteration of adipocyte gene expression. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35: 158-163.
2009; 23
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References_xml – reference: Khan T, Muise ES, Iyengar P, et al. Metabolic dysregulation and adipose tissue fibrosis: role of collagen VI. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29: 1575-1591.
– reference: Parton RG, Simons K. The multiple faces of caveolae. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8: 185-194.
– reference: De Winter P, Leoni P, Abraham D. Connective tissue growth factor: structure-function relationships of a mosaic, multifunctional protein. Growth Factors Chur 2008; 26: 80-91.
– reference: Zhao B, Ye X, Yu J, et al. TEAD mediates YAP-dependent gene induction and growth control. Genes Dev 2008; 22: 1962-1971.
– reference: Yang R, Amir J, Liu H, Chaqour B. Mechanical strain activates a program of genes functionally involved in paracrine signaling of angiogenesis. Physiol Genom 2008; 36: 1-14.
– reference: Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, et al. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 2009; 139: 891-906.
– reference: Ponticos M, Holmes AM, Shi-wen X, et al. Pivotal role of connective tissue growth factor in lung fibrosis: MAPK-dependent transcriptional activation of type I collagen. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 2142-2155.
– reference: Lipson KE, Wong C, Teng Y, et al. CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis. Fibrogen Tissue Repair 2012; 5(suppl 1): S24.
– reference: Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Ingber DE. Mechanosensitive mechanisms in transcriptional regulation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125: 3061-3073.
– reference: Okada M, Matsumori A, Ono K, et al. Cyclic stretch upregulates production of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 894-901.
– reference: Zhao B, Kim J, Ye X, et al. Both TEAD-binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes-associated protein. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 1089-1098.
– reference: Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 1. Common and organ-specific mechanisms associated with tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304: C216-225.
– reference: Klein S, de Fougerolles AR, Blaikie P, et al. α5β1 integrin activates an NF-κB-dependent program of gene expression important for angiogenesis and inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22: 5912-5922.
– reference: Horowitz JF, Klein S. Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278: E1144-1152.
– reference: Sun K, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 2094-2101.
– reference: Gressner OA, Gressner AM. Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver 2008; 28: 1065-1079.
– reference: Tan JTM, McLennan SV, Song WW, et al. Connective tissue growth factor inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295: C740-751.
– reference: Divoux A, Tordjman J, Lacasa D, et al. Fibrosis in human adipose tissue: composition, distribution, and link with lipid metabolism and fat mass loss. Diabetes 2010; 59: 2817-2825.
– reference: Larsen M, Artym VV, et al. The matrix reorganized: extracellular matrix remodeling and integrin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18: 463-471.
– reference: Pasarica M, Gowronska-Kozak B, Burk D, et al. Adipose tissue collagen VI in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 5155-5162.
– reference: Cancello R, Henegar C, Viguerie N, et al. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes 2005; 54: 2277-2286.
– reference: Abdennour M, Reggio S, Le Naour G, et al. Association of adipose tissue and liver fibrosis with tissue stiffness in morbid obesity: links with diabetes and BMI loss after gastric bypass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; jc20133253.
– reference: Keophiphath M, Achard V, Henegar C, et al. Macrophage-secreted factors promote a profibrotic phenotype in human preadipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23: 11-24.
– reference: Phanish MK, Winn SK, Dockrell MEC. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) - a marker, mediator and therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2010; 114: e83-92.
– reference: Spencer M, Yao-Borengasser A, Unal R, et al. Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin-resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299: E1016-1027.
– reference: Halberg N, Khan T, Trujillo ME, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol 2009 ; 29: 4467-4483.
– reference: Chun TH, Hotary KB, Sabeh F, et al. A pericellular collagenase directs the three-dimensional development of white adipose tissue. Cell 2006; 125: 577-591.
– reference: Henegar C, Tordjman J, Achard V, et al. Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity. Genome Biol 2008; 9: R14.
– reference: Ingber DE. Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 2006; 20: 811-827.
– reference: Halder G, Dupont S, Piccolo S. Transduction of mechanical and cytoskeletal cues by YAP and TAZ. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13: 591-600.
– reference: Chaqour B, Yang R, Sha Q. Mechanical stretch modulates the promoter activity of the profibrotic factor CCN2 through increased actin polymerization and NF-κB activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 20608-20622.
– reference: Calvo F, Ege N, Grande-Garcia A, et al. Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15: 637-646.
– reference: Taleb S, Cancello R, et al. Cathepsin s promotes human preadipocyte differentiation: possible involvement of fibronectin degradation. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 4950-4959.
– reference: Wang S, Nagrath D, Chen PC, et al. Three-dimensional primary hepatocyte culture in synthetic self-assembling peptide hydrogel. Tissue Eng A 2008; 14: 227-236.
– reference: Wang N, Tytell JD, Ingber DE. Mechanotransduction at a distance: mechanically coupling the extracellular matrix with the nucleus. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 10: 75-82.
– reference: Peterson JM, Pizza FX. Cytokines derived from cultured skeletal muscle cells after mechanical strain promote neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, MD, 1985) 2009; 106: 130-137.
– reference: Gesta S, Lolmède K, Daviaud D, et al. Culture of human adipose tissue explants leads to profound alteration of adipocyte gene expression. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35: 158-163.
– reference: Divoux A, Clément K. Architecture and the extracellular matrix: the still unappreciated components of the adipose tissue. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 2011; 12: e494-503.
– volume: 69
  start-page: 1089
  year: 2009
  end-page: 1098
  article-title: Both TEAD‐binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes‐associated protein
  publication-title: Cancer Res
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1
  year: 2008
  end-page: 14
  article-title: Mechanical strain activates a program of genes functionally involved in paracrine signaling of angiogenesis
  publication-title: Physiol Genom
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1962
  year: 2008
  end-page: 1971
  article-title: TEAD mediates YAP‐dependent gene induction and growth control
  publication-title: Genes Dev
– volume: 29
  start-page: 4467
  year: 2009
  end-page: 4483
  article-title: Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue
  publication-title: Mol Cell Biol
– volume: 5
  start-page: S24
  issue: suppl 1
  year: 2012
  article-title: CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis
  publication-title: Fibrogen Tissue Repair
– volume: 8
  start-page: 185
  year: 2007
  end-page: 194
  article-title: The multiple faces of caveolae
  publication-title: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
– volume: 9
  start-page: R14
  year: 2008
  article-title: Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity
  publication-title: Genome Biol
– volume: 54
  start-page: 2277
  year: 2005
  end-page: 2286
  article-title: Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery‐induced weight loss
  publication-title: Diabetes
– volume: 29
  start-page: 1575
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Snippet Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial...
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue ( WAT ) during obesity‐induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial...
Fibrosis is a hallmark of human white adipose tissue (WAT) during obesity-induced chronic inflammation. The functional impact of increased interstitial...
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SubjectTerms 3D culture
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing - genetics
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing - metabolism
Adipocytes
Adipocytes, White - metabolism
Adipocytes, White - pathology
Adipokines - genetics
Adipokines - metabolism
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - genetics
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases - metabolism
Binding Sites
Cell Shape
Cells, Cultured
Collagen - metabolism
Connective Tissue Growth Factor - genetics
Connective Tissue Growth Factor - metabolism
Fibrosis
Gene Expression Regulation
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor - genetics
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor - metabolism
human obesity
Humans
Hydrogels
Integrin beta1 - genetics
Integrin beta1 - metabolism
Interleukin-6 - genetics
Interleukin-6 - metabolism
Lipolysis
Mechanotransduction, Cellular
Obesity - genetics
Obesity - metabolism
Obesity - pathology
Obesity - physiopathology
Phosphoproteins - genetics
Phosphoproteins - metabolism
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Rodents
Time Factors
Transcription Factors
Transfection
Title Human adipocyte function is impacted by mechanical cues
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