Structural diversity in (vesicular)–arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses
summary This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum‐type, defined...
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| Published in | The New phytologist Vol. 137; no. 3; pp. 373 - 388 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.11.1997
Blackwell |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | summary
This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum‐type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris‐type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris‐types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether.
A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris‐types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum‐types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum‐types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris‐type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum‐types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary1 for the function of Paris‐types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed.
CONTENTS
Summary
373
I.
Introduction: Arum‐types and Pom‐types
374
II.
Possible functional implications
375
III.
Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom
377
IV.
Is the distinction between classes useful?
383
V.
The structural basis
383
VI.
The role of the fungal genome
384
VII.
Physiology revisited
384
VIII.
Conclusions
385
Acknowledgements
386
References
386 |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)-arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum-type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris-type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris-types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris-types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum-types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum-types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris-type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum-types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary
for the function of Paris-types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum-types and Pom-types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386. This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum‐type , defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris‐type , defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris‐types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris ‐types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum ‐types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum ‐types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris ‐type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum ‐types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary 1 for the function of Paris ‐types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum‐types and Pom‐types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386 This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum‐type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris‐type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris‐types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris‐types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum‐types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum‐types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris‐type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum‐types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary¹ for the function of Paris‐types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum‐types and Pom‐types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386 This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)-arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum-type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris-type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris-types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris-types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum-types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum-types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris-type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum-types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary1 for the function of Paris-types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum-types and Pom-types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386.This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)-arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum-type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris-type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris-types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris-types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum-types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum-types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris-type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum-types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary1 for the function of Paris-types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum-types and Pom-types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386. summary This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum‐type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris‐type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris‐types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris‐types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum‐types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum‐types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris‐type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum‐types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary1 for the function of Paris‐types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum‐types and Pom‐types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386 |
| Author | SMITH, F. A. SMITH, S. E. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: F. A. surname: SMITH fullname: SMITH, F. A. – sequence: 2 givenname: S. E. surname: SMITH fullname: SMITH, S. E. |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2079132$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33863081$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In... This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)‐arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we... This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)-arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Biological and medical sciences cell structures Economic plant physiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology genetic variation Gymnospermae hyphae Liliopsida Magnoliopsida nutrient transport Parasitism and symbiosis plant morphology plant physiology Plant physiology and development plant taxonomy roor anaromy Symbiosis Symbiosis (nodules, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, mycorrhiza...) ultrastructure VA mycorrhizas vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae |
| Title | Structural diversity in (vesicular)–arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses |
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