Characterizing large earthquakes before rupture is complete
The early stages of M 7 to M 9 earthquakes show that large events can be distinguished from larger ones well before rupture is complete. Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content of...
Saved in:
| Published in | Science advances Vol. 5; no. 5; p. eaav2032 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Association for the Advancement of Science
01.05.2019
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2375-2548 2375-2548 |
| DOI | 10.1126/sciadv.aav2032 |
Cover
| Abstract | The early stages of
M
7 to
M
9 earthquakes show that large events can be distinguished from larger ones well before rupture is complete.
Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy in the first seconds of earthquakes scales with magnitude, implying determinism. Other studies have shown that recordings of ground displacement from small to moderate-sized earthquakes are indistinguishable, implying a universal early rupture process. Regardless of how earthquakes start, events of different sizes must be distinguishable at some point. If that difference occurs before the rupture duration of the smaller event, this implies some level of determinism. We show through analysis of a database of source time functions and near-source displacement records that, after an initiation phase, ruptures of
M
7 to
M
9 earthquakes organize into a slip pulse, the kinematic properties of which scale with magnitude. Hence, early in the rupture process—after about 10 s—large and very large earthquakes can be distinguished. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy in the first seconds of earthquakes scales with magnitude, implying determinism. Other studies have shown that recordings of ground displacement from small to moderate-sized earthquakes are indistinguishable, implying a universal early rupture process. Regardless of how earthquakes start, events of different sizes must be distinguishable at some point. If that difference occurs before the rupture duration of the smaller event, this implies some level of determinism. We show through analysis of a database of source time functions and near-source displacement records that, after an initiation phase, ruptures of
7 to
9 earthquakes organize into a slip pulse, the kinematic properties of which scale with magnitude. Hence, early in the rupture process-after about 10 s-large and very large earthquakes can be distinguished. The early stages of M 7 to M 9 earthquakes show that large events can be distinguished from larger ones well before rupture is complete. Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy in the first seconds of earthquakes scales with magnitude, implying determinism. Other studies have shown that recordings of ground displacement from small to moderate-sized earthquakes are indistinguishable, implying a universal early rupture process. Regardless of how earthquakes start, events of different sizes must be distinguishable at some point. If that difference occurs before the rupture duration of the smaller event, this implies some level of determinism. We show through analysis of a database of source time functions and near-source displacement records that, after an initiation phase, ruptures of M 7 to M 9 earthquakes organize into a slip pulse, the kinematic properties of which scale with magnitude. Hence, early in the rupture process—after about 10 s—large and very large earthquakes can be distinguished. Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy in the first seconds of earthquakes scales with magnitude, implying determinism. Other studies have shown that recordings of ground displacement from small to moderate-sized earthquakes are indistinguishable, implying a universal early rupture process. Regardless of how earthquakes start, events of different sizes must be distinguishable at some point. If that difference occurs before the rupture duration of the smaller event, this implies some level of determinism. We show through analysis of a database of source time functions and near-source displacement records that, after an initiation phase, ruptures of M7 to M9 earthquakes organize into a slip pulse, the kinematic properties of which scale with magnitude. Hence, early in the rupture process-after about 10 s-large and very large earthquakes can be distinguished.Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy in the first seconds of earthquakes scales with magnitude, implying determinism. Other studies have shown that recordings of ground displacement from small to moderate-sized earthquakes are indistinguishable, implying a universal early rupture process. Regardless of how earthquakes start, events of different sizes must be distinguishable at some point. If that difference occurs before the rupture duration of the smaller event, this implies some level of determinism. We show through analysis of a database of source time functions and near-source displacement records that, after an initiation phase, ruptures of M7 to M9 earthquakes organize into a slip pulse, the kinematic properties of which scale with magnitude. Hence, early in the rupture process-after about 10 s-large and very large earthquakes can be distinguished. |
| Author | Hayes, Gavin P. Melgar, Diego |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Diego surname: Melgar fullname: Melgar, Diego organization: University of Oregon, Department of Earth Sciences, Eugene, OR, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Gavin P. orcidid: 0000-0003-3323-0112 surname: Hayes fullname: Hayes, Gavin P. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31149631$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp1UUtLw0AQXqRitfbqUXL0kpp95IUgSPEFBS96XiabSbuaZNvdTUF_vSltpQqeZpj5HvB9Z2TQmhYJuaDRhFKWXDuloVxPANYs4uyInDKexiGLRTY42Idk7Nx7FEVUJElM8xMy5JSKPOH0lNxMF2BBebT6S7fzoAY7xwDB-sWqgw90QYGVsRjYbum7fmoXKNMsa_R4To4rqB2Od3NE3h7uX6dP4ezl8Xl6NwuViBMfVrwokriIKgY0ZxFVFEQFQrEUMywplKJQGctKrrhIgaW8gv4qSqS54pzGfERut7rLrmiwVNh6C7VcWt2A_ZQGtPz9afVCzs1aJrGgIs56gaudgDWrDp2XjXYK6xpaNJ2TjHGeiaQPpYdeHnr9mOwT6wFiC1DWOGexkkp78NpsrHUtaSQ33chtN3LXTU-b_KHtlf8hfAN_fJVc |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1029_2021JB022703 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11069_025_07201_7 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_685879 crossref_primary_10_1029_2021AV000407 crossref_primary_10_3390_app15052587 crossref_primary_10_1029_2019JB018045 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10712_020_09606_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10712_020_09616_2 crossref_primary_10_1029_2023JB026575 crossref_primary_10_1093_gji_ggaa343 crossref_primary_10_1029_2020GL087539 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10291_020_01013_x crossref_primary_10_1029_2022GL098344 crossref_primary_10_1109_LGRS_2022_3175108 crossref_primary_10_26443_seismica_v3i1_887 crossref_primary_10_1785_0220210144 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jseaes_2022_105167 crossref_primary_10_1785_0220210106 crossref_primary_10_1029_2021GL096464 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_82581_x crossref_primary_10_1785_0120220183 crossref_primary_10_1785_0120190306 crossref_primary_10_1093_gji_ggaa610 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_699941 crossref_primary_10_1029_2020GL091664 crossref_primary_10_1785_0120210316 crossref_primary_10_1785_0120200356 crossref_primary_10_1029_2019GL083624 crossref_primary_10_1190_geo2022_0196_1 crossref_primary_10_1029_2021JB022002 crossref_primary_10_1038_s43247_020_00038_x crossref_primary_10_3390_rs13214478 crossref_primary_10_1177_87552930231153424 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_722784 crossref_primary_10_26443_seismica_v4i1_1340 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_685153 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_47964_2 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1785/0120130146 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03430.x 10.1126/science.aao0746 10.1029/2018JB016935 10.1038/nature04214 10.1038/nature17632 10.1785/0120000916 10.1007/s00024-018-1983-x 10.1038/ncomms4958 10.1785/0220150255 10.1126/science.268.5212.851 10.1785/0220180177 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054953 10.1126/science.aan5643 10.1016/S0029-8018(96)00029-7 10.1093/gji/ggx430 10.1002/2016JB013195 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0504 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.003 10.1002/2017GL074916 10.1002/2015JB012426 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04836.x 10.1029/2002JB001764 10.1785/gssrl.70.1.59 10.1002/2016GL070081 10.1016/0031-9201(90)90002-F 10.1029/2018JB015962 10.1038/nature04963 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05419.x 10.1002/2015GL064278 10.1002/2014JB011400 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). 2019 The Authors |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). 2019 The Authors |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.1126/sciadv.aav2032 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Sciences (General) |
| EISSN | 2375-2548 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC6541458 31149631 10_1126_sciadv_aav2032 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS AAFWJ AAYXX ACGFS ADAXU ADBBV AENVI AFPKN ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BCNDV BKF CITATION EBS EJD FRP GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HYE KQ8 M48 M~E OK1 OVD RHI RPM TEORI ADPDF ADRAZ BBORY BCGUY NPM OVEED 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c456t-f3bb65b0f2a19201c1a4fa4c27e8ed1ad4bc828d3c347a273fad1a4de19c33153 |
| IEDL.DBID | M48 |
| ISSN | 2375-2548 |
| IngestDate | Thu Aug 21 18:10:35 EDT 2025 Thu Jul 10 19:10:36 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 06:54:52 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 03:52:45 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:08:48 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 5 |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c456t-f3bb65b0f2a19201c1a4fa4c27e8ed1ad4bc828d3c347a273fad1a4de19c33153 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3323-0112 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.1126/sciadv.aav2032 |
| PMID | 31149631 |
| PQID | 2233846114 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6541458 proquest_miscellaneous_2233846114 pubmed_primary_31149631 crossref_citationtrail_10_1126_sciadv_aav2032 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_aav2032 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2019-05-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-05-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 05 year: 2019 text: 2019-05-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States |
| PublicationTitle | Science advances |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Sci Adv |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| Publisher_xml | – name: American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| References | e_1_3_2_26_2 Saito T. (e_1_3_2_27_2) 2016; 121 e_1_3_2_29_2 Heaton T. H. (e_1_3_2_12_2) 1990; 64 Meier M.-A. (e_1_3_2_6_2) 2016; 43 Hoshiba M. (e_1_3_2_20_2) 2011; 63 Wu Y.-M. (e_1_3_2_19_2) 2007; 170 e_1_3_2_25_2 Vallée M. (e_1_3_2_13_2) 2011; 184 Zumberge M. A. (e_1_3_2_28_2) 1997; 24 Madariaga R. (e_1_3_2_18_2) 2018; 176 Kuyuk H. S. (e_1_3_2_21_2) 2013; 104 Hayes G. P. (e_1_3_2_14_2) 2017; 468 Melgar D. (e_1_3_2_9_2) 2015; 42 Ruhl C. J. (e_1_3_2_16_2) 2018; 90 Rydelek P. (e_1_3_2_5_2) 2006; 442 Ye L. (e_1_3_2_15_2) 2016; 121 e_1_3_2_8_2 Melgar D. (e_1_3_2_10_2) 2017; 44 e_1_3_2_7_2 Böse M. (e_1_3_2_24_2) 2017; 212 e_1_3_2_30_2 Goldberg D. E. (e_1_3_2_11_2) 2018; 123 e_1_3_2_32_2 e_1_3_2_31_2 Olson E. L. (e_1_3_2_3_2) 2005; 438 e_1_3_2_4_2 e_1_3_2_33_2 e_1_3_2_2_2 Somerville P. (e_1_3_2_17_2) 1999; 70 Grapenthin R. (e_1_3_2_22_2) 2014; 119 Crowell B. W. (e_1_3_2_23_2) 2016; 87 |
| References_xml | – volume: 104 start-page: 162 year: 2013 ident: e_1_3_2_21_2 article-title: Designing a network-based earthquake early warning algorithm for California: ElarmS-2 publication-title: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. doi: 10.1785/0120130146 – volume: 170 start-page: 711 year: 2007 ident: e_1_3_2_19_2 article-title: Determination of earthquake early warning parameters, τ c and Pd , for southern California publication-title: Geophys. J. Int. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03430.x – ident: e_1_3_2_29_2 doi: 10.1126/science.aao0746 – ident: e_1_3_2_33_2 doi: 10.1029/2018JB016935 – volume: 438 start-page: 212 year: 2005 ident: e_1_3_2_3_2 article-title: The deterministic nature of earthquake rupture publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature04214 – ident: e_1_3_2_26_2 doi: 10.1038/nature17632 – ident: e_1_3_2_31_2 doi: 10.1785/0120000916 – volume: 176 start-page: 983 year: 2018 ident: e_1_3_2_18_2 article-title: Near-field spectra of large earthquakes publication-title: Pure Appl. Geophys. doi: 10.1007/s00024-018-1983-x – ident: e_1_3_2_4_2 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4958 – volume: 87 start-page: 930 year: 2016 ident: e_1_3_2_23_2 article-title: Demonstration of the Cascadia G-FAST geodetic earthquake early warning system for the Nisqually, Washington, earthquake publication-title: Seismol. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1785/0220150255 – ident: e_1_3_2_2_2 doi: 10.1126/science.268.5212.851 – volume: 90 start-page: 271 year: 2018 ident: e_1_3_2_16_2 article-title: A global database of strong-motion displacement GNSS recordings and an example application to PGD scaling publication-title: Seismol. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1785/0220180177 – ident: e_1_3_2_25_2 doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054953 – ident: e_1_3_2_7_2 doi: 10.1126/science.aan5643 – volume: 24 start-page: 531 year: 1997 ident: e_1_3_2_28_2 article-title: Precise optical path length measurement through an optical fiber: Application to seafloor strain monitoring publication-title: Ocean Eng. doi: 10.1016/S0029-8018(96)00029-7 – volume: 63 start-page: 7 year: 2011 ident: e_1_3_2_20_2 article-title: Outline of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M w 9.0)—Earthquake Early Warning and observed seismic intensity publication-title: Earth Planets Space – volume: 212 start-page: 725 year: 2017 ident: e_1_3_2_24_2 article-title: FinDer v. 2: Improved real-time ground-motion predictions for M2–M9 with seismic finite-source characterization publication-title: Geophys. J. Int. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggx430 – volume: 121 start-page: 8175 year: 2016 ident: e_1_3_2_27_2 article-title: Synthesizing ocean bottom pressure records including seismic wave and tsunami contributions: Toward realistic tests of monitoring systems publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth doi: 10.1002/2016JB013195 – ident: e_1_3_2_8_2 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0504 – volume: 468 start-page: 94 year: 2017 ident: e_1_3_2_14_2 article-title: The finite, kinematic rupture properties of great-sized earthquakes since 1990 publication-title: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.003 – volume: 44 start-page: 9691 year: 2017 ident: e_1_3_2_10_2 article-title: Systematic observations of the slip pulse properties of large earthquake ruptures publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1002/2017GL074916 – volume: 121 start-page: 826 year: 2016 ident: e_1_3_2_15_2 article-title: Rupture characteristics of major and great (Mw ≥ 7.0) megathrust earthquakes from 1990 to 2015: 1. Source parameter scaling relationships publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth doi: 10.1002/2015JB012426 – volume: 184 start-page: 338 year: 2011 ident: e_1_3_2_13_2 article-title: SCARDEC: A new technique for the rapid determination of seismic moment magnitude, focal mechanism and source time functions for large earthquakes using body-wave deconvolution publication-title: Geophys. J. Int. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04836.x – ident: e_1_3_2_30_2 doi: 10.1029/2002JB001764 – volume: 70 start-page: 59 year: 1999 ident: e_1_3_2_17_2 article-title: Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion publication-title: Seismol. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.70.1.59 – volume: 43 start-page: 7991 year: 2016 ident: e_1_3_2_6_2 article-title: Evidence for universal earthquake rupture initiation behavior publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1002/2016GL070081 – volume: 64 start-page: 1 year: 1990 ident: e_1_3_2_12_2 article-title: Evidence for and implications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture publication-title: Phys. Earth Planet. In. doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(90)90002-F – volume: 123 start-page: 9950 year: 2018 ident: e_1_3_2_11_2 article-title: Geodetic observations of weak determinism in rupture evolution of large earthquakes publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth doi: 10.1029/2018JB015962 – volume: 442 start-page: E5 year: 2006 ident: e_1_3_2_5_2 article-title: Is earthquake rupture deterministic? publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature04963 – ident: e_1_3_2_32_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05419.x – volume: 42 start-page: 5197 year: 2015 ident: e_1_3_2_9_2 article-title: Earthquake magnitude calculation without saturation from the scaling of peak ground displacement publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1002/2015GL064278 – volume: 119 start-page: 7944 year: 2014 ident: e_1_3_2_22_2 article-title: Operational real-time GPS-enhanced earthquake early warning publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth doi: 10.1002/2014JB011400 |
| SSID | ssj0001466519 |
| Score | 2.2903152 |
| Snippet | The early stages of
M
7 to
M
9 earthquakes show that large events can be distinguished from larger ones well before rupture is complete.
Whether earthquakes of... Whether earthquakes of different sizes are distinguishable early in their rupture process is a subject of debate. Studies have shown that the frequency content... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | eaav2032 |
| SubjectTerms | Geophysics SciAdv r-articles |
| Title | Characterizing large earthquakes before rupture is complete |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31149631 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2233846114 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6541458 |
| Volume | 5 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEB60gvQi1md9lAiCekhpks0mRUSkWItQTxZ6C5vNhBZL-i7qr3c22dbW6sVLDskkh5nZzPdlJ98AXKrNHelXK6brIjOV4J3pSy5MJpAxT8QyTqeWNF94o8We2277u_9JO3D8K7VT86Rao175ffhxTwv-bukHGBHNykLM1DjwTdiiqsQVEWtqqJ9-b2GcE1rRuo3rt-Vh2yFuQPlorZaoNdz5s31yqR7Vd2FHA0njIYt8ATYw2YOCXqpj41rrSd_sw21tIcr8SYXK6Knmb4MyfNIZTsUbGYdI0BWN0XSg9hOM7thIO80JTx9Aq_74WmuYemaCKQkKTczYCUPuhpXYFoTdKpa0BIsFk7aHPkaWiFgoiWRFjnQoFIRdYkFnWYRWVToOvf4OIZf0EzwGw-I-wYFKzH0URPtQoOcil-iGHpMx2kUw524KpBYUV3MtekFKLGweZB4OtIeLcLWwH2RSGn9aXsy9HlC2qy0MkWB_Og4IzDiEmChQRTjKorB41jx8RfBW4rMwUEraq1eSbidV1E6Hobv-yb_vPIU8ObuadUKeQW4ymuI5oZVJWEpZPh2f2lYpTckv7B7xYA |
| linkProvider | Scholars Portal |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Characterizing+large+earthquakes+before+rupture+is+complete&rft.jtitle=Science+advances&rft.au=Melgar%2C+Diego&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Gavin+P.&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.eissn=2375-2548&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav2032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31149631&rft.externalDocID=PMC6541458 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2375-2548&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2375-2548&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2375-2548&client=summon |