Brevetoxin B is a clastogen in rats, but lacks mutagenic potential in the SP-98/100 Ames test

Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell...

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Published in	Toxicon (Oxford) Vol. 54; no. 6; pp. 851 - 856
Main Authors	Leighfield, Tod A., Muha, Noah, Ramsdell, John S.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2009 Elsevier
Subjects	Animal poisons toxicology. Antivenoms Animals Biological and medical sciences Brevetoxin Chemical mutagenesis Comet Assay DNA adducts DNA Fragmentation Epoxidation Harmful algal bloom Karenia brevis Liver - drug effects Male Marine Toxins - toxicity Medical sciences Metabolism Mutagenicity Tests Mutagens - toxicity Oxocins - toxicity Plant poisons toxicology Rats Rats, Inbred F344 Toxicology Brevetoxin Epoxidation Harmful algal bloom DNA adducts Metabolism Karenia brevis Rat Toxicity Algae Rodentia Mutagen Vertebrata Chromosome break Mammalia Dinophyta Ames test Animal DNA Plant origin Bloom Molecular adduct
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Abstract	Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45 μg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 μg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 μg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test.
AbstractList	Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45 μg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 μg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 μg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test. Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45 microg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 microg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 microg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test. Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45kg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064to 200kg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200kg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test. Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45 microg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 microg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 microg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test.Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in manatees and irritation in humans. Brevetoxin has been previously reported to cause DNA breakage and chromosomal aberrations in in vitro cell assays. The toxin is subject to epoxidation reaction and the formation of nucleic acid adducts in cultured lung fibroblasts and in lung tissue after intratracheal administration to rats. We have exposed rats intratracheally to brevetoxin B (45 microg/kg) and analyzed liver cells for DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Brevetoxin B (PbTx2) treated rats showed a two to three-fold increase in the amount of DNA in the comet tails, indicating that brevetoxin has in vivo clastogenic activity. We next tested brevetoxin B for mutagenic activity using the Ames 98/100 mutagenesis assay. Brevetoxin B at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 microg/mL failed to cause histidine revertants. Oxidative metabolism of brevetoxin B resulting from Aroclor 1259-induced rat liver microsomes also failed to cause histidine revertants. Finally, direct application of the brevetoxin B epoxide (PbTx6) in the Ames 98/100 assay at concentrations from 0.064 to 200 microg/mL failed to induce histidine revertants. These studies indicate that brevetoxin B retains clastogenic activity after intratracheal administration to the rat. Although brevetoxin B has been shown to form nucleic acid adducts in the lung, neither brevetoxin B nor its epoxide metabolite has mutagenic potential as assessed by the Ames 98/100 test.
Author	Muha, Noah Ramsdell, John S. Leighfield, Tod A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Tod A. surname: Leighfield fullname: Leighfield, Tod A. – sequence: 2 givenname: Noah surname: Muha fullname: Muha, Noah – sequence: 3 givenname: John S. surname: Ramsdell fullname: Ramsdell, John S. email: john.ramsdell@noaa.gov
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Keywords	Brevetoxin Epoxidation Harmful algal bloom DNA adducts Metabolism Karenia brevis Rat Toxicity Algae Rodentia Mutagen Vertebrata Chromosome break Mammalia Dinophyta Ames test Animal DNA Plant origin Bloom Molecular adduct
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Snippet	Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in... Brevetoxins are polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that are released into the air and are known to cause respiratory hemorrhage in...
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SubjectTerms	Animal poisons toxicology. Antivenoms Animals Biological and medical sciences Brevetoxin Chemical mutagenesis Comet Assay DNA adducts DNA Fragmentation Epoxidation Harmful algal bloom Karenia brevis Liver - drug effects Male Marine Toxins - toxicity Medical sciences Metabolism Mutagenicity Tests Mutagens - toxicity Oxocins - toxicity Plant poisons toxicology Rats Rats, Inbred F344 Toxicology
Title	Brevetoxin B is a clastogen in rats, but lacks mutagenic potential in the SP-98/100 Ames test
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