Macrolide and Nonmacrolide Resistance with Mass Azithromycin Distribution
Villages in Niger were randomly assigned to offer azithromycin or placebo to children 1 to 59 months of age every 6 months for 4 years. Stool samples collected at 36 and 48 months showed that antibiotic resistance was more common among children living in villages that received azithromycin than amon...
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| Published in | The New England journal of medicine Vol. 383; no. 20; pp. 1941 - 1950 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Boston
Massachusetts Medical Society
12.11.2020
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Villages in Niger were randomly assigned to offer azithromycin or placebo to children 1 to 59 months of age every 6 months for 4 years. Stool samples collected at 36 and 48 months showed that antibiotic resistance was more common among children living in villages that received azithromycin than among children living in villages that received placebo. |
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| AbstractList | BackgroundMass distribution of azithromycin to preschool children twice yearly for 2 years has been shown to reduce childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa but at the cost of amplifying macrolide resistance. The effects on the gut resistome, a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes in the body, of twice-yearly administration of azithromycin for a longer period are unclear.MethodsWe investigated the gut resistome of children after they received twice-yearly distributions of azithromycin for 4 years. In the Niger site of the MORDOR trial, we enrolled 30 villages in a concurrent trial in which they were randomly assigned to receive mass distribution of either azithromycin or placebo, offered to all children 1 to 59 months of age every 6 months for 4 years. Rectal swabs were collected at baseline, 36 months, and 48 months for analysis of the participants’ gut resistome. The primary outcome was the ratio of macrolide-resistance determinants in the azithromycin group to those in the placebo group at 48 months.ResultsOver the entire 48-month period, the mean (±SD) coverage was 86.6±12% in the villages that received placebo and 83.2±16.4% in the villages that received azithromycin. A total of 3232 samples were collected during the entire trial period; of the samples obtained at the 48-month monitoring visit, 546 samples from 15 villages that received placebo and 504 from 14 villages that received azithromycin were analyzed. Determinants of macrolide resistance were higher in the azithromycin group than in the placebo group: 7.4 times as high (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0 to 16.7) at 36 months and 7.5 times as high (95% CI, 3.8 to 23.1) at 48 months. Continued mass azithromycin distributions also selected for determinants of nonmacrolide resistance, including resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, an antibiotic class prescribed frequently in this region of Africa.ConclusionsAmong villages assigned to receive mass distributions of azithromycin or placebo twice yearly for 4 years, antibiotic resistance was more common in the villages that received azithromycin than in those that received placebo. This trial showed that mass azithromycin distributions may propagate antibiotic resistance. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02047981.) Villages in Niger were randomly assigned to offer azithromycin or placebo to children 1 to 59 months of age every 6 months for 4 years. Stool samples collected at 36 and 48 months showed that antibiotic resistance was more common among children living in villages that received azithromycin than among children living in villages that received placebo. |
| Author | Worden, Lee Hinterwirth, Armin O’Brien, Kieran S Doan, Thuy Maliki, Ramatou Chen, Cindi Cook, Catherine Abdou, Amza Lipsitch, Marc Porco, Travis C Keenan, Jeremy D Chow, Eric D Lietman, Thomas M Zhong, Lina Oldenburg, Catherine E Lebas, Elodie Arzika, Ahmed M |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. |
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| DOI | 10.1056/NEJMoa2002606 |
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| Snippet | Villages in Niger were randomly assigned to offer azithromycin or placebo to children 1 to 59 months of age every 6 months for 4 years. Stool samples collected... BackgroundMass distribution of azithromycin to preschool children twice yearly for 2 years has been shown to reduce childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa... BACKGROUNDMass distribution of azithromycin to preschool children twice yearly for 2 years has been shown to reduce childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa... |
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| SubjectTerms | Antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antimicrobial resistance Azithromycin Child mortality Children Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Drug resistance Genetic testing Genomes Intervention Rectum Streptococcus infections β-Lactam antibiotics |
| Title | Macrolide and Nonmacrolide Resistance with Mass Azithromycin Distribution |
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