On the use of rhodium mirrors for optical diagnostics in ITER
The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 1020 m−2s−1. At the position of the mirror, the flux may still reach about 1018 m−2s−1. First mirrors are thus the most vulnerable in-vessel optical compone...
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| Published in | Fusion engineering and design Vol. 146; pp. 2514 - 2518 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article Web Resource |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
01.09.2019
Elsevier Science Ltd Elsevier Ltd |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0920-3796 1873-7196 1873-7196 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.04.031 |
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| Abstract | The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 1020 m−2s−1. At the position of the mirror, the flux may still reach about 1018 m−2s−1. First mirrors are thus the most vulnerable in-vessel optical components, being subject to erosion, esp. by fast charge-exchange neutrals, or to deposition of impurities at flux rates which can reach 0.05 nm/s. The material selected for the reflecting surface must combine a high optical reflectivity in a wide spectral range and a sufficient resistance to physical sputtering during normal operation and during mirror cleaning discharges, if any is installed. Rhodium (103Rh) was identified early as a possible or even promising candidate. It combines several attractive properties, for instance a mass which leads in most cases to low sputtering yields together with an optical reflectance (RRh≈75%) which is much higher than of some other options. RRh is insensitive to large temperature changes. Rhodium is fairly inert and its low oxidation is an appreciable advantage in case of steam ingress events.
The core-plasma CXRS diagnostic in ITER (UPP 3) have now turned to Rh as a baseline. The aim is to procure monocrystalline rhodium (SC-Rh) to mitigate the increase of the diffuse reflection with the damage due to physical sputtering. |
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| AbstractList | The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 1020 m−2s−1. At the position of the mirror, the flux may still reach about 1018 m−2s−1. First mirrors are thus the most vulnerable in-vessel optical components, being subject to erosion, esp. by fast charge-exchange neutrals, or to deposition of impurities at flux rates which can reach 0.05 nm/s. The material selected for the reflecting surface must combine a high optical reflectivity in a wide spectral range and a sufficient resistance to physical sputtering during normal operation and during mirror cleaning discharges, if any is installed. Rhodium (103Rh) was identified early as a possible or even promising candidate. It combines several attractive properties, for instance a mass which leads in most cases to low sputtering yields together with an optical reflectance (RRh≈75%) which is much higher than of some other options. RRh is insensitive to large temperature changes. Rhodium is fairly inert and its low oxidation is an appreciable advantage in case of steam ingress events. The core-plasma CXRS diagnostic in ITER (UPP 3) have now turned to Rh as a baseline. The aim is to procure monocrystalline rhodium (SC-Rh) to mitigate the increase of the diffuse reflection with the damage due to physical sputtering. The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 1020 m−2s−1. At the position of the mirror, the flux may still reach about 1018 m−2s−1. First mirrors are thus the most vulnerable in-vessel optical components, being subject to erosion, esp. by fast charge-exchange neutrals, or to deposition of impurities at flux rates which can reach 0.05 nm/s. The material selected for the reflecting surface must combine a high optical reflectivity in a wide spectral range and a sufficient resistance to physical sputtering during normal operation and during mirror cleaning discharges, if any is installed. Rhodium (103Rh) was identified early as a possible or even promising candidate. It combines several attractive properties, for instance a mass which leads in most cases to low sputtering yields together with an optical reflectance (RRh≈75%) which is much higher than of some other options. RRh is insensitive to large temperature changes. Rhodium is fairly inert and its low oxidation is an appreciable advantage in case of steam ingress events. The core-plasma CXRS diagnostic in ITER (UPP 3) have now turned to Rh as a baseline. The aim is to procure monocrystalline rhodium (SC-Rh) to mitigate the increase of the diffuse reflection with the damage due to physical sputtering. The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 10 20 m −2 s −1 . At the position of the mirror, the flux may still reach about 10 18 m −2 s −1 . First mirrors are thus the most vulnerable in-vessel optical components, being subject to erosion, esp. by fast charge-exchange neutrals, or to deposition of impurities at flux rates which can reach 0.05 nm/s. The material selected for the reflecting surface must combine a high optical reflectivity in a wide spectral range and a sufficient resistance to physical sputtering during normal operation and during mirror cleaning discharges, if any is installed. Rhodium ( 103 Rh) was identified early as a possible or even promising candidate. It combines several attractive properties, for instance a mass which leads in most cases to low sputtering yields together with an optical reflectance (R Rh ≈75%) which is much higher than of some other options. R Rh is insensitive to large temperature changes. Rhodium is fairly inert and its low oxidation is an appreciable advantage in case of steam ingress events. The core-plasma CXRS diagnostic in ITER (UPP 3) have now turned to Rh as a baseline. The aim is to procure monocrystalline rhodium (SC-Rh) to mitigate the increase of the diffuse reflection with the damage due to physical sputtering. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. |
| Author | Litnovsky, Andrey Linsmeier, Christian Mertens, Philippe Krasikov, Yury De Bock, Maarten Boman, Romain Krimmer, Andreas Leichtle, Dieter Dickheuer, Sven Marchuk, Oleksander Liegeois, Kim Rasinski, Marcin |
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| Snippet | The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 1020 m−2s−1. At... The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 1020 m−2s−1. At... The first mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are exposed to high radiation and fluxes of particles which escape the plasma, in the order of 10 20 m −2 s −1... |
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| SubjectTerms | Charge exchange Charge transfer CXRS Diagnostic systems Diagnostics Engineering, computing & technology Erosion rates First mirror Fluxes Ingénierie, informatique & technologie ITER Materials science & engineering Mirrors Optical components Optical diagnostics Optical reflectance Optical reflectivity Oxidation Physical sputtering Plasma diagnostics Reflectance Reflection Rhodium Rhodium isotopes Science des matériaux & ingénierie Sputtering Surface discharges Temperature changes |
| Title | On the use of rhodium mirrors for optical diagnostics in ITER |
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