Interacting effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on plant species diversity of 1500 grasslands in Germany differ between regions
The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition (functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between aban...
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Published in | Basic and applied ecology Vol. 14; no. 2; pp. 126 - 136 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Munich
Elsevier GmbH
01.03.2013
Elsevier |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition (functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between abandonment, fertilization, mowing intensity, and grazing by different livestock types on plant diversity and composition of 1514 grassland sites in three regions in North-East, Central and South-West Germany. We further considered environmental site conditions including soil type and topographical situation. Fertilized grasslands showed clearly reduced plant species diversity (−15% plant species richness, −0.1 Shannon diversity on fertilized grasslands plots of 16m2) and changed composition (−3% proportion of herb species), grazing had the second largest effects and mowing the smallest ones. Among the grazed sites, the ones grazed by sheep had higher than average species richness (+27%), and the cattle grazed ones lower (−42%). Further, these general results were strongly modulated by interactions between the different components of land use and by regional context: land-use effects differed largely in size and sometimes even in direction between regions. This highlights the importance of comparing different regions and to involve a large number of plots when studying relationships between land use and plant diversity. Overall, our results show that great caution is necessary when extrapolating results and management recommendations to other regions.
Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Grasland-Nutzungstypen auf den Artenreichtum und die Zusammensetzung der Pflanzen (Kräuter, Leguminosen und Gräser) wurde bisher nur auf kleiner regionaler Skala oder nur mit wenigen Landnutzungtypen getestet. In einer vergleichenden Studie zeigen wir die Effekte von Verbrachung, Düngung, Mahd und Beweidung durch unterschiedlichen Tierbestand auf Artenreichtum und Zusammensetzung der Pflanzen auf 1514 Grasländern in drei unterschiedlichen Regionen in Nordost, Zentral und Südwest Deutschland. Zusätzlich wurden standortbedingte Umweltfaktoren wie Bodentypen und topographische Daten mit einbezogen. Gedüngte Graslandflächen hatten klar reduzierte Artendiversität (−15% Artenzahl, −0.1 Shannon Diversität auf gedüngten Flächen von 16m2) und veränderte Zusammensetzung (−3% Anteil an Kräutern), die Effekte der Beweidung waren am zweitgrößten und die der Mahd am kleinsten. Mahd mit mittlerer Intensität (2 Schnitte pro Jahr) und Schafbeweidung erhöhten die Artenzahl (+27%), während Rinderbeweidung die Artenzahl verringerte (−42%). Diese allgemeinen Muster wurden durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen Landnutzungstypen und durch verschiedene regionale Kontexte moduliert: die Größe und teilweise sogar Richtung der Unterschiede zwischen Landnutzungstypen unterschied sich zwischen den Regionen. Das verdeutlicht die Bedeutung, verschiedene Regionen miteinander zu vergleichen und viele Untersuchungsflächen einzubeziehen, um verläßliche Aussagen über Beziehungen zwischen Landnutzung und Artendiversität machen zu können. Zusammenfassend ist also grosse Vorsicht geboten, wenn Ergebnisse und Nutzungsempfehlungen über Regionen hinweg verallgemeinert werden sollen. |
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AbstractList | The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition (functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between abandonment, fertilization, mowing intensity, and grazing by different livestock types on plant diversity and composition of 1514 grassland sites in three regions in North-East, Central and South-West Germany. We further considered environmental site conditions including soil type and topographical situation. Fertilized grasslands showed clearly reduced plant species diversity (−15% plant species richness, −0.1 Shannon diversity on fertilized grasslands plots of 16m2) and changed composition (−3% proportion of herb species), grazing had the second largest effects and mowing the smallest ones. Among the grazed sites, the ones grazed by sheep had higher than average species richness (+27%), and the cattle grazed ones lower (−42%). Further, these general results were strongly modulated by interactions between the different components of land use and by regional context: land-use effects differed largely in size and sometimes even in direction between regions. This highlights the importance of comparing different regions and to involve a large number of plots when studying relationships between land use and plant diversity. Overall, our results show that great caution is necessary when extrapolating results and management recommendations to other regions.
Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Grasland-Nutzungstypen auf den Artenreichtum und die Zusammensetzung der Pflanzen (Kräuter, Leguminosen und Gräser) wurde bisher nur auf kleiner regionaler Skala oder nur mit wenigen Landnutzungtypen getestet. In einer vergleichenden Studie zeigen wir die Effekte von Verbrachung, Düngung, Mahd und Beweidung durch unterschiedlichen Tierbestand auf Artenreichtum und Zusammensetzung der Pflanzen auf 1514 Grasländern in drei unterschiedlichen Regionen in Nordost, Zentral und Südwest Deutschland. Zusätzlich wurden standortbedingte Umweltfaktoren wie Bodentypen und topographische Daten mit einbezogen. Gedüngte Graslandflächen hatten klar reduzierte Artendiversität (−15% Artenzahl, −0.1 Shannon Diversität auf gedüngten Flächen von 16m2) und veränderte Zusammensetzung (−3% Anteil an Kräutern), die Effekte der Beweidung waren am zweitgrößten und die der Mahd am kleinsten. Mahd mit mittlerer Intensität (2 Schnitte pro Jahr) und Schafbeweidung erhöhten die Artenzahl (+27%), während Rinderbeweidung die Artenzahl verringerte (−42%). Diese allgemeinen Muster wurden durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen Landnutzungstypen und durch verschiedene regionale Kontexte moduliert: die Größe und teilweise sogar Richtung der Unterschiede zwischen Landnutzungstypen unterschied sich zwischen den Regionen. Das verdeutlicht die Bedeutung, verschiedene Regionen miteinander zu vergleichen und viele Untersuchungsflächen einzubeziehen, um verläßliche Aussagen über Beziehungen zwischen Landnutzung und Artendiversität machen zu können. Zusammenfassend ist also grosse Vorsicht geboten, wenn Ergebnisse und Nutzungsempfehlungen über Regionen hinweg verallgemeinert werden sollen. The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition (functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between abandonment, fertilization, mowing intensity, and grazing by different livestock types on plant diversity and composition of 1514 grassland sites in three regions in North-East, Central and South-West Germany. We further considered environmental site conditions including soil type and topographical situation. Fertilized grasslands showed clearly reduced plant species diversity (−15% plant species richness, −0.1 Shannon diversity on fertilized grasslands plots of 16m2) and changed composition (−3% proportion of herb species), grazing had the second largest effects and mowing the smallest ones. Among the grazed sites, the ones grazed by sheep had higher than average species richness (+27%), and the cattle grazed ones lower (−42%). Further, these general results were strongly modulated by interactions between the different components of land use and by regional context: land-use effects differed largely in size and sometimes even in direction between regions. This highlights the importance of comparing different regions and to involve a large number of plots when studying relationships between land use and plant diversity. Overall, our results show that great caution is necessary when extrapolating results and management recommendations to other regions. The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition (functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between abandonment, fertilization, mowing intensity, and grazing by different livestock types on plant diversity and composition of 1514 grassland sites in three regions in North-East, Central and South-West Germany. We further considered environmental site conditions including soil type and topographical situation. Fertilized grasslands showed clearly reduced plant species diversity (−15% plant species richness, −0.1 Shannon diversity on fertilized grasslands plots of 16m²) and changed composition (−3% proportion of herb species), grazing had the second largest effects and mowing the smallest ones. Among the grazed sites, the ones grazed by sheep had higher than average species richness (+27%), and the cattle grazed ones lower (−42%). Further, these general results were strongly modulated by interactions between the different components of land use and by regional context: land-use effects differed largely in size and sometimes even in direction between regions. This highlights the importance of comparing different regions and to involve a large number of plots when studying relationships between land use and plant diversity. Overall, our results show that great caution is necessary when extrapolating results and management recommendations to other regions. |
Author | Socher, Stephanie A. Weisser, Wolfgang W. Wells, Konstans Gockel, Sonja Fischer, Markus Müller, Jörg Schöning, Ingo Boch, Steffen Hemp, Andreas Linsenmair, Karl Eduard Schulze, Ernst-Detlef Prati, Daniel Kalko, Elisabeth K.V. Buscot, François Baumbach, Henryk |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephanie A. surname: Socher fullname: Socher, Stephanie A. email: stephaniesocher@hotmail.com organization: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel surname: Prati fullname: Prati, Daniel organization: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Steffen surname: Boch fullname: Boch, Steffen organization: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: Jörg surname: Müller fullname: Müller, Jörg organization: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Henryk surname: Baumbach fullname: Baumbach, Henryk organization: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany – sequence: 6 givenname: Sonja surname: Gockel fullname: Gockel, Sonja organization: Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburgerstr. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Andreas surname: Hemp fullname: Hemp, Andreas organization: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany – sequence: 8 givenname: Ingo surname: Schöning fullname: Schöning, Ingo organization: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Konstans surname: Wells fullname: Wells, Konstans organization: Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany – sequence: 10 givenname: François surname: Buscot fullname: Buscot, François organization: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Elisabeth K.V. surname: Kalko fullname: Kalko, Elisabeth K.V. organization: Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany – sequence: 12 givenname: Karl Eduard surname: Linsenmair fullname: Linsenmair, Karl Eduard organization: Theodor-Boveri-Institute for Biosciences, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany – sequence: 13 givenname: Ernst-Detlef surname: Schulze fullname: Schulze, Ernst-Detlef organization: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany – sequence: 14 givenname: Wolfgang W. surname: Weisser fullname: Weisser, Wolfgang W. organization: Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburgerstr. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany – sequence: 15 givenname: Markus surname: Fischer fullname: Fischer, Markus organization: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland |
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Keywords | Land use type Shannon diversity Livestock type Biodiversity exploratories Functional groups Grassland Fertilization Browsing Land use Species diversity Mowing Vegetation Livestock Functional group |
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SubjectTerms | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biodiversity exploratories Biological and medical sciences cattle Functional groups Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Germany grasses grasslands grazing herbs land use Land use type legumes Livestock type mowing Shannon diversity sheep soil types species diversity Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems |
Title | Interacting effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on plant species diversity of 1500 grasslands in Germany differ between regions |
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