The Association of the R563Q Genotype of the ENaC With Phenotypic Variation in Southern Africa

• Published in: American journal of hypertension Vol. 25; no. 12; pp. 1286 - 1291
• Main Authors: Jones, Erika S.W., Owen, E. Patricia, Rayner, Brian L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basingstoke Oxford University Press 01.12.2012; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group - genetics; Aged; Amiloride - therapeutic use; Antihypertensive Agents - therapeutic use; Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension; Asian Continental Ancestry Group - genetics; Biological and medical sciences; Blood and lymphatic vessels; Blood Pressure - drug effects; Blood Pressure - genetics; Cardiology. Vascular system; Case-Control Studies; Chi-Square Distribution; Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology; Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers - therapeutic use; Epithelial Sodium Channels - drug effects; Epithelial Sodium Channels - genetics; European Continental Ancestry Group - genetics; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Variation; Heterozygote; Humans; Hypertension - drug therapy; Hypertension - ethnology; Hypertension - genetics; Hypertension - physiopathology; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Namibia - epidemiology; Phenotype; Prevalence; South Africa - epidemiology; Treatment Outcome; Africa; South Africa; Namibia; blood pressure; ENaC; sodium channel; hypertension; R563Q; Africa; Hypertension; Sodium; Genotype; Cardiovascular disease; Arterial pressure; Blood pressure
• DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.125
• ISSN: 0895-7061; 1941-7225

Background The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) may be a common underlying pathway for the development of primary hypertension. In South Africa, the R563Q variant of the ENaC is associated with low-renin-low-aldosterone hypertension and preeclampsia in black Africans and mixed-ancestry peoples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the R563Q variant in the multiethnic populations of South Africa, its association with hypertension and response to amiloride in patients with resistant hypertension. Methods Samples were obtained from hypertensives and normotensive controls in Cape Town and Johannesburg, and unselected San living in the rural areas of the Northern Cape and Namibia. Resistant hypertensives with the R563Q variant were treated with amiloride. Results One thousand nine hundred and thirty nine (1,468 hypertensives, 471 controls) subjects were recruited. Eighty-seven (5.9%) of the hypertensives were R563Q heterozygote vs. 8 (1.7%) of the normotensives (P < 0.0005). In the Namibian and Northern Cape San 19.5% and 18.8% of subjects were R563Q positive. There was no association with hypertension. Spot sodium excretion was lower in the San compared to urban subjects (7.3 vs. 12.2 mmol/mmol, P = 0.016). Twenty-two R563Q heterozygote patients with resistant hypertension received amiloride with a mean reduction in blood pressure (BP) of 36/17 mm Hg (P < 0.0001). Conclusions The R563Q variant is strongly associated with hypertension in urban areas in South Africa. The San are the likely origin of the variant, but it is not associated with hypertension, presumably due to their lower sodium intake. Screening patients with resistant hypertension in South Africa for the R563Q variant provides a feasible pharmacogenetic approach to treatment.