Gender differences in human adrenal cortex and its disorders

The adrenal cortex plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of blood volume, responsiveness to stress and the development of gender characteristics. Gender differences of human adrenal cortex have been recently reported and attracted increasing interests. Gender differences occur from the developing s...

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Published inMolecular and cellular endocrinology Vol. 526; p. 111177
Main Authors Gao, Xin, Yamazaki, Yuto, Tezuka, Yuta, Omata, Kei, Ono, Yoshikiyo, Morimoto, Ryo, Nakamura, Yasuhiro, Satoh, Fumitoshi, Sasano, Hironobu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Ireland Elsevier B.V 15.04.2021
Subjects
Adrenal cortex
blood pressure
blood volume
Development
females
Gender
HPA axis
humans
males
RAAS
renin
Development
HPA axis
Gender
Adrenal cortex
RAAS
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0303-7207
1872-8057
1872-8057
DOI10.1016/j.mce.2021.111177

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Abstract The adrenal cortex plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of blood volume, responsiveness to stress and the development of gender characteristics. Gender differences of human adrenal cortex have been recently reported and attracted increasing interests. Gender differences occur from the developing stage of the adrenal, in which female subjects had more activated stem cells with higher renewal capacity resulting in gender-associated divergent structures and functions of cortical zonations of human adrenal. Female subjects generally have the lower blood pressure with the lower renin levels and ACE activities than male subjects. In addition, HPA axis was more activated in female than male, which could possibly contribute to gender differences in coping with various stressful events in our life. Of particular interest, estrogens were reported to suppress RAAS but activate HPA axis, whereas androgens had opposite effects. In addition, adrenocortical disorders in general occur more frequently in female with more pronounced adrenocortical hormonal abnormalities possibly due to their more activated WNT and PRK signaling pathways with more abundant activated adrenocortical stem cells present in female adrenal glands. Therefore, it has become pivotal to clarify the gender influence on both clinical and biological features of adrenocortical disorders. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.
AbstractList The adrenal cortex plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of blood volume, responsiveness to stress and the development of gender characteristics. Gender differences of human adrenal cortex have been recently reported and attracted increasing interests. Gender differences occur from the developing stage of the adrenal, in which female subjects had more activated stem cells with higher renewal capacity resulting in gender-associated divergent structures and functions of cortical zonations of human adrenal. Female subjects generally have the lower blood pressure with the lower renin levels and ACE activities than male subjects. In addition, HPA axis was more activated in female than male, which could possibly contribute to gender differences in coping with various stressful events in our life. Of particular interest, estrogens were reported to suppress RAAS but activate HPA axis, whereas androgens had opposite effects. In addition, adrenocortical disorders in general occur more frequently in female with more pronounced adrenocortical hormonal abnormalities possibly due to their more activated WNT and PRK signaling pathways with more abundant activated adrenocortical stem cells present in female adrenal glands. Therefore, it has become pivotal to clarify the gender influence on both clinical and biological features of adrenocortical disorders. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.
The adrenal cortex plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of blood volume, responsiveness to stress and the development of gender characteristics. Gender differences of human adrenal cortex have been recently reported and attracted increasing interests. Gender differences occur from the developing stage of the adrenal, in which female subjects had more activated stem cells with higher renewal capacity resulting in gender-associated divergent structures and functions of cortical zonations of human adrenal. Female subjects generally have the lower blood pressure with the lower renin levels and ACE activities than male subjects. In addition, HPA axis was more activated in female than male, which could possibly contribute to gender differences in coping with various stressful events in our life. Of particular interest, estrogens were reported to suppress RAAS but activate HPA axis, whereas androgens had opposite effects. In addition, adrenocortical disorders in general occur more frequently in female with more pronounced adrenocortical hormonal abnormalities possibly due to their more activated WNT and PRK signaling pathways with more abundant activated adrenocortical stem cells present in female adrenal glands. Therefore, it has become pivotal to clarify the gender influence on both clinical and biological features of adrenocortical disorders. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.The adrenal cortex plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of blood volume, responsiveness to stress and the development of gender characteristics. Gender differences of human adrenal cortex have been recently reported and attracted increasing interests. Gender differences occur from the developing stage of the adrenal, in which female subjects had more activated stem cells with higher renewal capacity resulting in gender-associated divergent structures and functions of cortical zonations of human adrenal. Female subjects generally have the lower blood pressure with the lower renin levels and ACE activities than male subjects. In addition, HPA axis was more activated in female than male, which could possibly contribute to gender differences in coping with various stressful events in our life. Of particular interest, estrogens were reported to suppress RAAS but activate HPA axis, whereas androgens had opposite effects. In addition, adrenocortical disorders in general occur more frequently in female with more pronounced adrenocortical hormonal abnormalities possibly due to their more activated WNT and PRK signaling pathways with more abundant activated adrenocortical stem cells present in female adrenal glands. Therefore, it has become pivotal to clarify the gender influence on both clinical and biological features of adrenocortical disorders. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.
ArticleNumber 111177
Author Gao, Xin
Ono, Yoshikiyo
Yamazaki, Yuto
Tezuka, Yuta
Omata, Kei
Morimoto, Ryo
Satoh, Fumitoshi
Nakamura, Yasuhiro
Sasano, Hironobu
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xin
  surname: Gao
  fullname: Gao, Xin
  organization: Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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  givenname: Yuto
  surname: Yamazaki
  fullname: Yamazaki, Yuto
  organization: Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Yuta
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1546-6949
  surname: Tezuka
  fullname: Tezuka, Yuta
  organization: Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Kei
  surname: Omata
  fullname: Omata, Kei
  organization: Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Yoshikiyo
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1873-7388
  surname: Ono
  fullname: Ono, Yoshikiyo
  organization: Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Ryo
  surname: Morimoto
  fullname: Morimoto, Ryo
  organization: Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Yasuhiro
  surname: Nakamura
  fullname: Nakamura, Yasuhiro
  organization: Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Fumitoshi
  surname: Satoh
  fullname: Satoh, Fumitoshi
  organization: Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Hironobu
  surname: Sasano
  fullname: Sasano, Hironobu
  email: hsasano@patholo2.med.tohoku.ac.jp
  organization: Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33582213$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords Development
HPA axis
Gender
Adrenal cortex
RAAS
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Snippet The adrenal cortex plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of blood volume, responsiveness to stress and the development of gender characteristics. Gender...
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SubjectTerms Adrenal cortex
blood pressure
blood volume
Development
females
Gender
HPA axis
humans
males
RAAS
renin
Title Gender differences in human adrenal cortex and its disorders
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2021.111177
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