2-Aminoacetophenone — A hepatic skatole metabolite as a potential contributor to boar taint
The major objective of the presented study was to evaluate whether the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) is a potential contributor to boar taint, which is an undesired off-flavor in pork. Therefore, backfat samples were screened by HS-SPME–GC/MS revealing a significant accumula...
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| Published in | Food research international Vol. 62; pp. 35 - 42 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Kidlington
Elsevier Ltd
01.08.2014
Elsevier |
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| Abstract | The major objective of the presented study was to evaluate whether the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) is a potential contributor to boar taint, which is an undesired off-flavor in pork. Therefore, backfat samples were screened by HS-SPME–GC/MS revealing a significant accumulation of the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP in boar fat. Subsequently, a stable-isotope dilution assay (SIDA) was elaborated to precisely quantitate 2-AAP in a set of 130 backfat samples. The observed concentrations ranged between 34ng/g and 1178ng/g, resulting in a mean value of 100ng/g. In addition, the odor detection threshold of 2-AAP was evaluated by a trained sensory panel using a single-staircase, triple forced choice paradigm. The determined 2-AAP odor detection threshold is similar to the thresholds of the major boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole. Finally, a sensory evaluation of backfat samples spiked with 2-AAP was performed in a triangle test with untrained testers. Here, the 2-AAP spiked samples were frequently identified as the odd sample independent of their respective androstenone and skatole levels. In conclusion, the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP was identified as a potential contributor to boar taint.
•2-Aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) was identified as potential contributor to boar taint.•GC/MS analysis reveals significant accumulation of 2-AAP in back fat.•Odor threshold of 2-AAP is comparable to the androstenone/skatole threshold.•2-AAP spiked back fat samples are determined as the odd sample in triangle tests. |
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| AbstractList | The major objective of the presented study was to evaluate whether the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) is a potential contributor to boar taint, which is an undesired off-flavor in pork. Therefore, backfat samples were screened by HS-SPME–GC/MS revealing a significant accumulation of the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP in boar fat. Subsequently, a stable-isotope dilution assay (SIDA) was elaborated to precisely quantitate 2-AAP in a set of 130 backfat samples. The observed concentrations ranged between 34ng/g and 1178ng/g, resulting in a mean value of 100ng/g. In addition, the odor detection threshold of 2-AAP was evaluated by a trained sensory panel using a single-staircase, triple forced choice paradigm. The determined 2-AAP odor detection threshold is similar to the thresholds of the major boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole. Finally, a sensory evaluation of backfat samples spiked with 2-AAP was performed in a triangle test with untrained testers. Here, the 2-AAP spiked samples were frequently identified as the odd sample independent of their respective androstenone and skatole levels. In conclusion, the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP was identified as a potential contributor to boar taint. The major objective of the presented study was to evaluate whether the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) is a potential contributor to boar taint, which is an undesired off-flavor in pork. Therefore, backfat samples were screened by HS-SPME-GC/MS revealing a significant accumulation of the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP in boar fat. Subsequently, a stable-isotope dilution assay (SIDA) was elaborated to precisely quantitate 2-AAP in a set of 130 backfat samples. The observed concentrations ranged between 34 ng/g and 1178 ng/g, resulting in a mean value of 100 ng/g. In addition, the odor detection threshold of 2-AAP was evaluated by a trained sensory panel using a single-staircase, triple forced choice paradigm. The determined 2-AAP odor detection threshold is similar to the thresholds of the major boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole. Finally, a sensory evaluation of backfat samples spiked with 2-AAP was performed in a triangle test with untrained testers. Here, the 2-AAP spiked samples were frequently identified as the odd sample independent of their respective androstenone and skatole levels. In conclusion, the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP was identified as a potential contributor to boar taint. The major objective of the presented study was to evaluate whether the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) is a potential contributor to boar taint, which is an undesired off-flavor in pork. Therefore, backfat samples were screened by HS-SPME–GC/MS revealing a significant accumulation of the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP in boar fat. Subsequently, a stable-isotope dilution assay (SIDA) was elaborated to precisely quantitate 2-AAP in a set of 130 backfat samples. The observed concentrations ranged between 34ng/g and 1178ng/g, resulting in a mean value of 100ng/g. In addition, the odor detection threshold of 2-AAP was evaluated by a trained sensory panel using a single-staircase, triple forced choice paradigm. The determined 2-AAP odor detection threshold is similar to the thresholds of the major boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole. Finally, a sensory evaluation of backfat samples spiked with 2-AAP was performed in a triangle test with untrained testers. Here, the 2-AAP spiked samples were frequently identified as the odd sample independent of their respective androstenone and skatole levels. In conclusion, the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-AAP was identified as a potential contributor to boar taint. •2-Aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) was identified as potential contributor to boar taint.•GC/MS analysis reveals significant accumulation of 2-AAP in back fat.•Odor threshold of 2-AAP is comparable to the androstenone/skatole threshold.•2-AAP spiked back fat samples are determined as the odd sample in triangle tests. |
| Author | Elsinghorst, Paul W. Wüst, Matthias Fischer, Jochen Gerlach, Christoph Meier-Dinkel, Lisa Boeker, Peter Schmarr, Hans-Georg |
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| Keywords | Off-flavor Skatole metabolism SIDA 2-Aminoacetophenone Boar taint Metabolite Liver Metabolism Pig Vertebrata Meat animals Mammalia Artiodactyla Ungulata |
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| Snippet | The major objective of the presented study was to evaluate whether the hepatic skatole metabolite 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) is a potential contributor to... |
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| SubjectTerms | 2-Aminoacetophenone backfat Biological and medical sciences Boar taint boars detection limit Food industries Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology metabolites odors off flavors Off-flavor pork sensory evaluation SIDA skatole Skatole metabolism stable isotopes |
| Title | 2-Aminoacetophenone — A hepatic skatole metabolite as a potential contributor to boar taint |
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