Increased serum levels of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Tourette’s syndrome

• Published in: Biological psychiatry (1969) Vol. 57; no. 6; pp. 667 - 673
• Main Authors: Leckman, James F., Katsovich, Liliya, Kawikova, Ivana, Lin, Haiqun, Zhang, Heping, Krönig, Holger, Morshed, Syed, Parveen, Salina, Grantz, Heidi, Lombroso, Paul J., King, Robert A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 15.03.2005; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Adolescent; Biological and medical sciences; Case-Control Studies; Child; Cytokines - blood; Degenerative and inherited degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Leukodystrophies. Prion diseases; early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods; Female; Humans; interleukin-12; Interleukin-12 - blood; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medical sciences; Neurology; PANDAS; Prospective Studies; Tourette syndrome; Tourette Syndrome - blood; tumor necrosis factor α; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism; tumor necrosis factor α; Tourette syndrome; PANDAS; early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder; interleukin-12; Human; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Nervous system diseases; Cytokine; Anxiety disorder; Interleukin 12; Cerebral disorder; tumor necrosis factor a; Age of onset; Tumor necrosis factor; Central nervous system disease; Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; Early; Serum; Degenerative disease; Tumor necrosis factor α

The hypothesis that common infections can modulate the onset and course of tic disorders and early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in pediatric populations is longstanding. To date, most investigations have focused on the hypothesis of molecular mimicry and humoral immune responses. This s...