Changes in physical activity and adiposity with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality

• Published in: International Journal of Obesity Vol. 46; no. 10; pp. 1849 - 1858
• Main Authors: Ahmadi, Matthew N., Lee, I-Min, Hamer, Mark, del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Chen, Li Jung, Eroglu, Elif, Lai, Yun-Ju, Ku, Po Wen, Stamatakis, Emmanuel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.10.2022; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 692/499; 692/699; Adipose tissue; Attenuation; Body fat; Body mass index; Body size; Body weight; Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Epidemiology; Exercise; Guidelines; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Heart diseases; Internal Medicine; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Mortality; Mortality risk; Overweight; Physical activity; Public Health; Risk analysis; Risk factors
• DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01195-z
• ISSN: 0307-0565

Background The relationship between joint changes in physical activity and adiposity with mortality is not well understood. We examined the association of changes in these two established risk factors with all-cause (ACM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. Methods We used longitudinal data from Taiwan’s MJ Cohort, comprising 116,228 general population adults recruited from 1998-2013 with repeated measures 4.6 y (2.5) apart and followed up for mortality for 11.9 y (3.5). Physical activity, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%) groups and changes were based on public health and clinical guidelines. Results Compared to stable-insufficient physical activity, increasing physical activity from any baseline level was associated with lower ACM (HR [95%CI]): 0.85 [0.74, 0.96]) and CVD mortality (0.72 [0.55, 0.93]) risk. This was approximately equal to meeting physical activity guidelines at both timepoints (eg: 0.71 [0.58, 0.88] for CVD mortality). Compared to stable-overweight/moderate adiposity, decreasing adiposity level attenuated but did not offset mortality risk for all three outcomes (eg: BMI = 0.95 [0.76, 1.16] for CVD mortality). Only maintaining a healthy adiposity level at both timepoints offset mortality risk (BMI = 0.75 [0.61, 0.89]) for CVD mortality). In the joint changes analyses, lower mortality risk was a consequence of increases in physical activity across adiposity change groups (eg: WC decrease = 0.57 [0.48, 0.67]; WC stability = 0.73 [0.66, 0.80], WC increase = 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] for ACM). Decreasing adiposity attenuated the negative associations of decreased physical activity (BF% = 1.13 [0.95, 1.35] for ACM). Conclusions We found a lower risk for ACM, CVD, and cancer mortality from increasing physical activity and an attenuation from decreasing adiposity regardless of baseline levels. The beneficial associations of joint changes were primarily driven by physical activity, suggesting lower mortality risk may be more immediate through physical activity improvements compared to adiposity improvements alone.