Systemic Therapy for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Current Standards and Emerging Challenges
Opinion statement Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discov...
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| Published in | Current treatment options in oncology Vol. 23; no. 9; pp. 1303 - 1319 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
Springer US
01.09.2022
Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Opinion statement
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.
KIT
or
PDGFRα
mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients.
KIT/PDGFRα
wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients. KIT/PDGFRα wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs.OPINION STATEMENTGastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients. KIT/PDGFRα wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients. KIT/PDGFRα wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs. Opinion statementGastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients. KIT/PDGFRα wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs. Opinion statement Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an oncogenic driver in the majority of GISTs. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized disease. The discovery of imatinib with promising anti-tumor effect and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including second-line sunitinib and third-line regorafenib, revolutionized the management of advanced and metastatic GIST over the past two decades. Recently, ripretinib and avapritinib were approved for the fourth line setting and for PDGFRA exon 18-mutant GIST in first-line setting, respectively. Despite multi-line TKIs exerted ability of disease control, drug resistance remained an obstacle for preventing rapid disease progression. Experimental TKIs or novel therapeutic targets may further improve treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1) and anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed moderate response in early phase trials composed of heavily pretreated patients. KIT/PDGFRα wild-type GISTs are generally less sensitive to imatinib and late-line TKIs. Recent studies demonstrated that targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling may be a potential target for the wild-type GISTs. |
| Author | Wang, Shang-Yu Yeh, Chun-Nan Huang, Wen-Kuan Wu, Chiao-En Chen, Jen-Shi Chang, Ching-Fu Chou, Wen-Chi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Wen-Kuan orcidid: 0000-0001-7789-8347 surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Wen-Kuan organization: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University – sequence: 2 givenname: Chiao-En surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Chiao-En organization: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University – sequence: 3 givenname: Shang-Yu surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Shang-Yu organization: College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Department of Surgery and GIST team, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou – sequence: 4 givenname: Ching-Fu surname: Chang fullname: Chang, Ching-Fu organization: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University – sequence: 5 givenname: Wen-Chi surname: Chou fullname: Chou, Wen-Chi organization: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University – sequence: 6 givenname: Jen-Shi surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Jen-Shi organization: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University – sequence: 7 givenname: Chun-Nan surname: Yeh fullname: Yeh, Chun-Nan email: yehchunnan@gmail.com organization: College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Department of Surgery and GIST team, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou |
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| Keywords | Regorafenib Gastrointestinal stromal tumors Imatinib Sunitinib Avapritinib Ripretinib Systemic treatment |
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.
KIT
or
PDGFRα... Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an... Opinion statementGastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα... Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), though rare, is the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT or PDGFRα mutation plays as an... |
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| SubjectTerms | Apoptosis Cell death Clinical trials CTLA-4 protein Cytotoxicity Disease control Disease resistance Drug resistance Fibroblast growth factors Gastrointestinal cancer Gastrointestinal tract Imatinib Immune checkpoint inhibitors Inhibitor drugs Lymphocytes T Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mesenchyme Metastases Oncology PD-1 protein Protein-tyrosine kinase Sarcoma (SH Okuno Sarcoma (SH Okuno, Section Editor) Section Editor Targeted cancer therapy Therapeutic targets Topical Collection on Sarcoma Tumors |
| Title | Systemic Therapy for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Current Standards and Emerging Challenges |
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