Agriculture: sustainable crop and animal production to help mitigate nitrous oxide emissions
•Selecting the right source, rate, time and place of N application is important.•New technologies and greater farmer/adviser skills can improve N input management.•Crop recovery of N may be increased >20%, reducing risks of N2O emissions >20–30%.•N use efficiency (NUE) is economically importan...
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Published in | Current opinion in environmental sustainability Vol. 9-10; pp. 46 - 54 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier B.V
01.11.2014
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Abstract | •Selecting the right source, rate, time and place of N application is important.•New technologies and greater farmer/adviser skills can improve N input management.•Crop recovery of N may be increased >20%, reducing risks of N2O emissions >20–30%.•N use efficiency (NUE) is economically important to farmers, but N2O loss is not.•More cross-disciplinary research/outreach may improve farm NUE and N2O mitigation.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture can be tackled by reducing demand for, and consumption of, nitrogen (N) inputs via diet modification and waste reduction, and/or through technologies applied at the field level. Here we focus on the latter options. Opportunities for mitigating N2O emissions at the field level can be advanced by a clearer scientific understanding of the system complexities leading to emissions, while maintaining agricultural system sustainability and productivity. A range of technologies are available to reduce emissions, but rather than focus specifically on emissions, the broader management and policy focus should be on improved N use efficiency and effectiveness; for lower N2O emissions per unit of crop and animal product, or per unit of land area. |
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AbstractList | Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture can be tackled by reducing demand for, and consumption of, N inputs via diet modification and waste reduction, and/or through technologies applied at the field level. Here we focus on the latter options. To advance opportunities for mitigating N2O emissions at the field level requires an understanding of the complexities among soil characteristics, cropping systems, nutrient management, climate, and farmer skills. Whether organic or inorganic, a small fraction of the nitrogen (N) applied to soils, deposited, or released within terrestrial and aquatic systems is subject to risks of loss to the atmosphere as N2O. Newer technologies and management capabilities include crop yield monitors on harvest equipment, field mapping, global positioning of fertilizer N applications, accessibility to more private-sector skilled technical advice, computerized nutrient management record-keeping, improved fertilizer N technologies, products and formulations, and better technologies and tools for livestock/ poultry feed and manure management. Providing these resources to more and more farmers globally should help to increase crop and soil recovery of applied N, greater crop yields, and reduced losses of N that contribute to direct and indirect N2O emissions. Rather than focus specifically on those emissions, the broader management and policy focus should be on improved N use efficiency and effectiveness; to result in lower N2O emissions per unit of crop and animal product, or per unit of land area. A clearer scientific understanding of specific processes that affect the episodic, pulsing nature of N2O emissions, will help to decrease reactive N losses from agricultural systems while maintaining crop and animal system sustainability and productivity. •Selecting the right source, rate, time and place of N application is important.•New technologies and greater farmer/adviser skills can improve N input management.•Crop recovery of N may be increased >20%, reducing risks of N2O emissions >20–30%.•N use efficiency (NUE) is economically important to farmers, but N2O loss is not.•More cross-disciplinary research/outreach may improve farm NUE and N2O mitigation. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture can be tackled by reducing demand for, and consumption of, nitrogen (N) inputs via diet modification and waste reduction, and/or through technologies applied at the field level. Here we focus on the latter options. Opportunities for mitigating N2O emissions at the field level can be advanced by a clearer scientific understanding of the system complexities leading to emissions, while maintaining agricultural system sustainability and productivity. A range of technologies are available to reduce emissions, but rather than focus specifically on emissions, the broader management and policy focus should be on improved N use efficiency and effectiveness; for lower N2O emissions per unit of crop and animal product, or per unit of land area. |
Author | Smith, P Davidson, EA Snyder, CS Venterea, RT |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: CS surname: Snyder fullname: Snyder, CS email: csnyder@ipni.net organization: International Plant Nutrition Institute, P.O. Box 10509, Conway, AR 72034, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: EA surname: Davidson fullname: Davidson, EA organization: Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540-1644, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: P surname: Smith fullname: Smith, P organization: Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: RT surname: Venterea fullname: Venterea, RT organization: USDA-ARS, Soil and Water Management Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA |
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Snippet | •Selecting the right source, rate, time and place of N application is important.•New technologies and greater farmer/adviser skills can improve N input... Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture can be tackled by reducing demand for, and consumption of, N inputs via diet modification and waste reduction,... |
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SubjectTerms | animal manure management animal production animal products climate crop yield cropping systems emissions farmers global positioning systems harvesting equipment issues and policy nitrogen nitrogen fertilizers nitrous oxide nutrient management nutrient use efficiency pollution control poultry precision agriculture private sector risk soil sustainable agriculture topography waste reduction |
Title | Agriculture: sustainable crop and animal production to help mitigate nitrous oxide emissions |
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