Illusory correlation as accentuation of actual intercategory difference: Evidence for the effect with minimal stimulus information
Distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation effects (ICEs) have been implicated in the formation of negative stereotypes of minorities. In standard experiments subjects are presented with information about a large and small group in which the ratio of desirable to undesirable members is the same. The...
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| Published in | European journal of social psychology Vol. 23; no. 4; pp. 391 - 410 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Chichester, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
01.07.1993
Wiley |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation effects (ICEs) have been implicated in the formation of negative stereotypes of minorities. In standard experiments subjects are presented with information about a large and small group in which the ratio of desirable to undesirable members is the same. These conditions normally lead to a negative representation of the smaller group. Explanations of this effect suggest it is a product of (a) over‐representing highly distinctive stimuli, (b) sampling from memory, or (c) regression to the mean following information loss. The present research investigated the possibility that the ICE would occur even where no stimulus information linking behaviours to groups was presented—an outcome inconsistent with the first two explanations. Two experiments (Ns = 83, 112) produced ICEs in the absence of this standard stimulus information in a range of conditions. Results in these and previous studies are shown to be consistent with an explanation in terms of the principle of meta‐contrast derived from self‐categorization theory. |
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| AbstractList | Distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation effects (ICEs) have been implicated in the formation of negative stereotypes of minorities. In standard experiments subjects are presented with information about a large and small group in which the ratio of desirable to undesirable members is the same. These conditions normally lead to a negative representation of the smaller group. Explanations of this effect suggest it is a product of (a) over‐representing highly distinctive stimuli, (b) sampling from memory, or (c) regression to the mean following information loss. The present research investigated the possibility that the ICE would occur even where no stimulus information linking behaviours to groups was presented—an outcome inconsistent with the first two explanations. Two experiments (Ns = 83, 112) produced ICEs in the absence of this standard stimulus information in a range of conditions. Results in these and previous studies are shown to be consistent with an explanation in terms of the principle of meta‐contrast derived from self‐categorization theory. Investigates possible explanations for distinctiveness-based illusory correlation effects, implicated in the formation of negative stereotypes of minorities-over-representing highly distinctive stimuli; sampling from memory or regression to the mean following memory loss. Reports results supporting an explanation in terms of the principle of meta-contrast derived from self-categorization theory. (Original abstract-amended) |
| Author | McGarty, Craig Haslam, S. Alexander Oakes, Penelope J. Turner, John C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Craig surname: McGarty fullname: McGarty, Craig organization: Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: S. Alexander surname: Haslam fullname: Haslam, S. Alexander organization: Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: John C. surname: Turner fullname: Turner, John C. organization: Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Penelope J. surname: Oakes fullname: Oakes, Penelope J. organization: Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1993 INIST-CNRS |
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| Keywords | Human Social perception Experimental study Categorization Minority Social cognition |
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| References | Schaller, M. (1991). 'Social categorization and the formation of group stereotypes: Further evidence for biased information processing in the perception of group behaviour correlations', European Journal of Social Psychology, 21: 25-35. Hamilton, D. L., Dugan., P. M. and Trolier, T. K. (1985). 'The formation of stereotypic beliefs: Further evidence for distinctiveness-based illusory correlations', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48: 5-17. Bruner, J. S. (1957). 'On perceptual readiness', Psychological Review, 64: 123-152. Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. and Haslam, S. A. (1991). 'Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations', British Journal of Social Psychology. 30: 125-144. Simon, B. and Mummendey, A. (1991). 'Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity: We are the majority and they are all the same', European Journal of Social Psychology, 20: 351-356. Smith, E. R. (1991). 'Illusory correlation in a simulated exemplar-based memory', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27: 107-123. McGarty, C. and Turner, J. C. (1992). 'The effects of categorization on social judgement', British Journal of Social Psychology, 31: 253-268. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A. Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. and Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory, Blackwell, Oxford. Schaller, M. and Maass, A. (1989). 'Illusory correlation and social categorization: Toward an integration of motivational and cognitive factors in stereotype formation', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 709-721 Tajfel, H. (1969). 'Cognitive aspects of prejudice', Journal of Social Issues, 25: 79-97. Acorn, D. A., Hamilton, D. L. and Sherman, S. J. (1988). 'Generalization of biased perceptions of groups based on illusory correlations', Social Cognition, 6: 345-372 Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. in press 'Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation', European Journal of Social Psychology, 22: 251-277. Tajfel, H. and Wilkes, A. L. (1963). 'Classification and quantitative judgement', British Journal of Psychology, 54: 101-114. Fiedler, K. (1991). 'The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60: 26-36. Mullen, B. and Johnson, C. (1990). 'Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration', British Journal of Social Psychology, 29: 11-28. Spears, R., van der Pligt, J. and Eiser, J. R. (1985). 'Illusory correlation in the perception of group attitudes', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48: 863-875. Chapman, L. J. and Chapman, J. P. (1967). 'Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic signs', Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72: 193-204. Hamilton, D. L. and Gifford, R. K. (1976). 'Illusory correlation in intergroup perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12: 392-407. Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Sherman, S. J. and Hamilton, D. L. (1987). 'Illusory correlation in the perception of individuals and groups', Social Cognition, 5: 1-25. Hintzman, D. L. (1986). '"Schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model', Psychological Review, 93: 411-428. Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Addison Wesley, Cambridge, MA. McArthur, L. Z. and Friedman, S. A. (1980). 'Illusory correlation in impression formation: Variations in the shared distinctiveness effect as a function of the distinctive person's age, race, and sex', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39: 615-624. Spears, R., van der Pligt, J. and Eiser, J. R. (1986). 'Generalizing the illusory correlation effect', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1127-1134. Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M. G. and Bundy, R. F. (1971). 'Social categorization and intergroup behaviour', European Journal of Social Psychology, 1: 149-177. 22 1979; 12 1986; 93 1986; 51 1985; 2 1991; 30 1987; 5 1954 1991; 60 1992 1992; 31 1985; 48 1978 1980; 39 1957; 64 1990; 1 1991; 27 1989; 56 1963; 54 1976; 12 1990 1991; 21 1990; 29 1988; 6 1967; 72 1991; 20 1987 1969; 25 1981 1971; 1 1989 Turner J. C. (e_1_2_1_34_1) 1987 Turner J. C. (e_1_2_1_33_1) 1985 Oakes P. J. (e_1_2_1_19_1) 1990 Hamilton D. L. (e_1_2_1_7_1) 1979 e_1_2_1_20_1 e_1_2_1_23_1 e_1_2_1_24_1 e_1_2_1_22_1 e_1_2_1_27_1 Tajfel. H. (e_1_2_1_30_1) 1978 e_1_2_1_28_1 e_1_2_1_25_1 e_1_2_1_26_1 e_1_2_1_29_1 Rothbart M. (e_1_2_1_21_1) 1981 Allport G. W. (e_1_2_1_3_1) 1954 e_1_2_1_31_1 e_1_2_1_8_1 e_1_2_1_5_1 e_1_2_1_6_1 e_1_2_1_12_1 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_10_1 e_1_2_1_2_1 e_1_2_1_11_1 e_1_2_1_32_1 e_1_2_1_16_1 e_1_2_1_17_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_15_1 Haslam S. A. (e_1_2_1_13_1); 22 e_1_2_1_9_1 e_1_2_1_18_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Spears, R., van der Pligt, J. and Eiser, J. R. (1986). 'Generalizing the illusory correlation effect', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1127-1134. – reference: Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C. and Haslam, S. A. (1991). 'Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations', British Journal of Social Psychology. 30: 125-144. – reference: Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Addison Wesley, Cambridge, MA. – reference: Chapman, L. J. and Chapman, J. P. (1967). 'Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic signs', Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72: 193-204. – reference: Tajfel, H. (1969). 'Cognitive aspects of prejudice', Journal of Social Issues, 25: 79-97. – reference: Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M. G. and Bundy, R. F. (1971). 'Social categorization and intergroup behaviour', European Journal of Social Psychology, 1: 149-177. – reference: Schaller, M. and Maass, A. (1989). 'Illusory correlation and social categorization: Toward an integration of motivational and cognitive factors in stereotype formation', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 709-721 – reference: Tajfel, H. and Wilkes, A. L. (1963). 'Classification and quantitative judgement', British Journal of Psychology, 54: 101-114. – reference: Hamilton, D. L. and Gifford, R. K. (1976). 'Illusory correlation in intergroup perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12: 392-407. – reference: Bruner, J. S. (1957). 'On perceptual readiness', Psychological Review, 64: 123-152. – reference: Haslam, S. A. and Turner, J. C. in press 'Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation', European Journal of Social Psychology, 22: 251-277. – reference: Fiedler, K. (1991). 'The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60: 26-36. – reference: Smith, E. R. (1991). 'Illusory correlation in a simulated exemplar-based memory', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27: 107-123. – reference: McArthur, L. Z. and Friedman, S. A. (1980). 'Illusory correlation in impression formation: Variations in the shared distinctiveness effect as a function of the distinctive person's age, race, and sex', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39: 615-624. – reference: Hintzman, D. L. (1986). '"Schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model', Psychological Review, 93: 411-428. – reference: Schaller, M. (1991). 'Social categorization and the formation of group stereotypes: Further evidence for biased information processing in the perception of group behaviour correlations', European Journal of Social Psychology, 21: 25-35. – reference: Mullen, B. and Johnson, C. (1990). 'Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration', British Journal of Social Psychology, 29: 11-28. – reference: Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Sherman, S. J. and Hamilton, D. L. (1987). 'Illusory correlation in the perception of individuals and groups', Social Cognition, 5: 1-25. – reference: Acorn, D. A., Hamilton, D. L. and Sherman, S. J. (1988). 'Generalization of biased perceptions of groups based on illusory correlations', Social Cognition, 6: 345-372 – reference: Hamilton, D. L., Dugan., P. M. and Trolier, T. K. (1985). 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| Snippet | Distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation effects (ICEs) have been implicated in the formation of negative stereotypes of minorities. In standard experiments... Investigates possible explanations for distinctiveness-based illusory correlation effects, implicated in the formation of negative stereotypes of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Behavior. Attitude Biological and medical sciences Correlation Distinctiveness Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Minorities Minority groups Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Social psychology Stereotypes |
| Title | Illusory correlation as accentuation of actual intercategory difference: Evidence for the effect with minimal stimulus information |
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