Impact of biochars on swell-shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of clayey soil

Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars...

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Published in	Journal of plant nutrition and soil science Vol. 177; no. 6; pp. 920 - 926
Main Authors	Zong, Yutong, Chen, Danping, Lu, Shenggao
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Weinheim WILEY-VCH Verlag 01.12.2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag Wiley-VCH Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects	Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions biochar Biological and medical sciences clay soils clayey soil cohesion cracking extensibility friction Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General agronomy. Plant production greenhouses Physical properties shear strength Shrinkage sludge soil amendments soil cracking soil formation soil physical properties Soil science Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments stickiness surface area swell-shrinkage Tensile strength Triticum aestivum wastewater wheat straw wood chips Mechanical properties Cracking Shear strength Clay soil Shrinkage Biochar Physical properties Texture Tensile strength Carbonization soil cracking swell-shrinkage Soil science Behavior clayey soil Soil plant relation Strength
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Abstract	Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell–shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg−1 soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB‐, WCB‐, and WSB‐amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle (θ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar‐amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell–shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking.
AbstractList	Swell-shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell-shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg-1 soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB-, WCB-, and WSB-amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle ([theta]). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar-amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell-shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking. Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell–shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg⁻¹soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB‐, WCB‐, and WSB‐amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle (θ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar‐amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell–shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking. Swell-shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell-shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg super(-1) soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB-, WCB-, and WSB-amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle ( theta ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar-amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell-shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking. Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell–shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg−1 soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly (p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB‐, WCB‐, and WSB‐amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion (c) and increased internal friction angle (θ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar‐amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell–shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking. Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key goal for enhancing the crop productivity of expansive clayey soils. This article presents results of a study on the impact of three biochars produced from wheat straw (SB), woodchips (WCB), and wastewater sludge (WSB) on the swell–shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of a clayey soil. The soil was treated with biochars at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g biochar kg −1 soil, respectively; and incubated for 180 d in glasshouse. Application of biochars decreased significantly ( p < 0.01) the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) of the soil, the effect of SB being most prominent. The tensile strength (TS) of the clayey soil was originally 937 kPa, which decreased to 458 kPa, 495 kPa and 659 kPa for 6% SB‐, WCB‐, and WSB‐amended soils, respectively. Shear strength tests indicated that biochars significantly reduced cohesion ( c ) and increased internal friction angle ( θ ). Biochar significantly reduced the formation of soil surface cracks, surface area, and length of the cracks. The surface area density of cracks in the 6% biochar‐amended soils decreased by 14% for SB, 17% for WCB, and 19% for WSB, respectively, compared with control. The results suggest that biochar can be used as a soil amendment for improving the poor physical properties of the clayey soil, particularly in terms of reduction in swell–shrinkage, tensile strength and surface area density of cracking.
Author	Zong, Yutong Lu, Shenggao Chen, Danping
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yutong surname: Zong fullname: Zong, Yutong organization: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Danping surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Danping organization: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Shenggao surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Shenggao email: lusg@zju.edu.cn organization: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Keywords	Mechanical properties Cracking Shear strength Clay soil Shrinkage Biochar Physical properties Texture Tensile strength Carbonization soil cracking swell-shrinkage Soil science Behavior clayey soil Soil plant relation Strength
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B. (1992): Comparison of shrink-swell indices of some Saskatchewan soils and their relationship to standard soil characteristics. Can. J. Soil Sci. 72, 429-439. ASTM (1995): ASTM D 4318-Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 04.08. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. Dasog, G. S., Acton, D. F., Mermut, A. R., de Jong, E. (1988): Shrink-swell potential and cracking in clay soils of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 68, 251-260. Novak, J. M., Busscher, W. J., Laird, D. L., Ahmedna, M., Watts, D. W., Niandou, M. A. S. (2009): Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a outheastern Coastal Plain soil. Soil Sci. 174, 105-112. Sun, F., Lu, S. (2014): Biochars improve aggregate stability, water retention, and pore-space properties of clayey soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177, 26-33. Abel, S., Peters, A., Trinks, S., Schonsky, H., Facklam, M., Wessolek, G. (2013): Impact of biochar and hydrochar addition on water retention and water repellency of sandy soil. Geoderma 202-203, 183-191. Abid, M., Lal, R. (2009): Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality: II. Tensile strength of aggregates, moisture retention and water infiltration. Soil Till. Res. 103, 364-372. Lloyd, J. E., Collis-George, N. (1982): A torsional shear box for determining the shear strength of agricultural soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 20, 203-211. Streubel, J. D., Collins, H. P., Garcia-Perez, M., Tarara, J., Granatstein, D., Kruger, C. E. (2011): Influence of contrasting biochar types on five soils at increasing rates of application. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 1402-1413. Zein el Abadine, A., Robinson, G. H. (1971): A study on cracking in some Vertisol of Sudan. Geoderma 5, 229-241. Gray, C. W., Albrook, R. (2002): Relationships between shrinkage indices and soil properties in some New Zealand soils. Geoderma 108, 287-299. Oguntunde, P. G., Abiodun, B. J., Ajayi, A. E., van de Giesen, N. (2008): Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 591-596. Busscher, W. J., Novak, J. M., Evans, D. E., Watts, D. W., Niandou, M. A. S., Ahmedna, M. (2010): Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand. Soil Sci. 175, 10-14. Cameron, K. C., Buchan, G. D. (2006): Porosity and Pore Size Distribution, in Lal, R. (ed.): Encyclopedia of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp.1350-1353. 1976; 40 2010; 327 2010; 108 2010; 105 2002; 35 2009 2011; 75 1998 1995 2006 2004 2009; 174 2003; 71 2014; 177 1992; 72 1999 2012; 177 2013; 209‐210 2010; 337 2010; 158 1982; 20 2010; 175 1988; 68 2002; 108 2013; 202‐203 2007; 45 2014; 6 2009; 103 1971; 5 2012; 41 2008; 171 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 (e_1_2_6_3_1) 1995 e_1_2_6_19_1 Cameron K. C. (e_1_2_6_8_1) 2006 Lal R. (e_1_2_6_18_1) 2004 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 Downie A. 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References_xml	– reference: Xiong, Y., Li, Q. K. (1998): Soils of China. Science Press, Beijing, China. – reference: Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Mohanty, M., Painuli, D. K., Misra, A. K., Hati, K. M., Mandal, K. G., Ghosh, P. K., Chaudhary, R. S., Acharya, C. L. (2003): InChrW(64258)uence of tillage practices and nutrient management on crack parameters in a Vertisol of central India. Soil Till. Res. 71, 133-142. – reference: Zein el Abadine, A., Robinson, G. H. (1971): A study on cracking in some Vertisol of Sudan. Geoderma 5, 229-241. – reference: Dasog, G. S., Acton, D. F., Mermut, A. R., de Jong, E. (1988): Shrink-swell potential and cracking in clay soils of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 68, 251-260. – reference: Downie, A., Crosky, A., Munroe, P. (2009): Physical Properties of Biochar, in Lehmann, J., Joseph, S. (eds.): Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, UK, pp. 227-249. – reference: Lal, R., Shukla, M. R. (2004): Principles of Soil Physics. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA. – reference: Abel, S., Peters, A., Trinks, S., Schonsky, H., Facklam, M., Wessolek, G. (2013): Impact of biochar and hydrochar addition on water retention and water repellency of sandy soil. Geoderma 202-203, 183-191. – reference: Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Morris, S., Chan, K. Y., Downie, A., Rust, J., Joseph, S., Cowie, A. (2010): Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant Soil 327, 235-246. – reference: Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., Hipps, N. A. (2010): Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant Soil 337, 1-18. – reference: Kinney, T. J., Masiello, C. A., Dugan, B., Hockaday, W. C., Dean, M. R., Zygourakis, K., Barnes, R. T. (2012): Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures. Biomass Bioenerg. 41, 34-43. – reference: Abid, M., Lal, R. (2009): Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality: II. Tensile strength of aggregates, moisture retention and water infiltration. Soil Till. Res. 103, 364-372. – reference: Busscher, W. J., Novak, J. M., Evans, D. E., Watts, D. W., Niandou, M. A. S., Ahmedna, M. (2010): Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand. Soil Sci. 175, 10-14. – reference: Laird, D. A., Fleming, P., Davis, D. D., Horton, R., Wang, B., Karlen, D. L. (2010): Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 158, 443-449. – reference: Lloyd, J. E., Collis-George, N. (1982): A torsional shear box for determining the shear strength of agricultural soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 20, 203-211. – reference: Briggs, C., Breiner, J., Graham, R. (2012): Physical and chemical properties of Pinus ponderosa charcoal: implications for soil modification. Soil Sci. 177, 263-268. – reference: Gray, C. W., Albrook, R. 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Earthscan year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_6_11_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_27_1 doi: 10.2136/sssaj2010.0325 – ident: e_1_2_6_15_1 doi: 10.1016/j.still.2010.03.007
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Snippet	Swell–shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key... Swell-shrinkage, cracking and stickiness of expansive clayey soils usually lead to their low yield. Improvement of these poor soil physical properties is a key...
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SubjectTerms	Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions biochar Biological and medical sciences clay soils clayey soil cohesion cracking extensibility friction Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General agronomy. Plant production greenhouses Physical properties shear strength Shrinkage sludge soil amendments soil cracking soil formation soil physical properties Soil science Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments stickiness surface area swell-shrinkage Tensile strength Triticum aestivum wastewater wheat straw wood chips
Title	Impact of biochars on swell-shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength, and surface cracking of clayey soil
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